ESTAN LOS MOSQUITOS INVOLUCRADOS EN LA TRANSMISION DE LA
ENFERMEDAD DE LYME ?
ARE THE MOSQUITOES INVOLVED IN THE TRANSMISSION OF LYME'S DISEASE ?
PUBLICADO 2.018 ACTUALIZADO 2023
EDITORIAL ESPAÑOL
===================
Hola amigos de la red, DERMAGIC EXPRESS con un tema super caliente:
ESTAN LOS MOSQUITOS INVOLUCRADOS EN LA TRANSMISION DE LA ENFERMEDAD DE
LYME ?. Pocos años después de el descubrimiento de la Borrelia Burgdorferi en 1.981 por Willy Burgdorfer, algunos científicos comenzaron a
sospechar que los mosquitos y otros insectos podrían estar involucrados
en la diseminación de la Borreliosis de Lyme; y específicamente en
1.985-1987 comenzaron a aparecer estudios sobre este tema, algunos
controversiales, otros más convincentes del hecho que los mosquitos
que se alimentan de sangre de los animales contaminados con la
Borrelia, podrían ser vectores de la enfermedad y contribuir a la
epidemia que ataca al mundo entero hoy día por esta espiroqueta.
Siempre se hablo de las garrapatas como el único y gran vector, pero
hoy te traigo unas referencias que te harán pensar en que hay algo
oculto y no develado quizá sobre la Borreliosis de Lyme: los mosquitos como vectores transmisores.
Para no hacértelo largo te voy a nombrar los aspectos más resaltantes
de algunos estudios y te dejare las referencias de los hechos:
Históricamente en el año 1961 Robert J.A. comprobó por primera vez la transmisión experimental de la Borrelia, en este caso Borrelia anserina, (descubierta por Saknarof en el año 1891) por el insecto hematofago, Aedes Aegypti en gansos del caucaso, desde entonces ha sido aislada de la sangre de gansos, pavos, patos, aves, perdices, cuervos y gorriones infectados de todas las partes de África, Australia, Australia. , Bulgaria, Brasil, Egipto, Indias Orientales, Alemania, Grecia, Hungría, India, URSS, Rumania y Turquía.
Históricamente en el año 1961 Robert J.A. comprobó por primera vez la transmisión experimental de la Borrelia, en este caso Borrelia anserina, (descubierta por Saknarof en el año 1891) por el insecto hematofago, Aedes Aegypti en gansos del caucaso, desde entonces ha sido aislada de la sangre de gansos, pavos, patos, aves, perdices, cuervos y gorriones infectados de todas las partes de África, Australia, Australia. , Bulgaria, Brasil, Egipto, Indias Orientales, Alemania, Grecia, Hungría, India, URSS, Rumania y Turquía.
En 1985 Dolby y cols. publican en Francia un trabajo de 4 de
Eritema crónico Migrans (ECM) donde n solo 1 se pudo comprobar la
picadura por garrapatas, y se plantean la posibilidad de que la
transmisión pudo haber sido por mosquitos y moscas voladoras
(tábanos).
En 1.987 Magnareli y Cols. realizaron un estudio en Connecticut,
Estados Unidos recolectando mosquitos, moscas de caballos y moscas de
venado, en total 18 especies, a los cuales se les realizó test
para Borrelia Burgdorferi encontrándose un porcentaje de positividad que vario entre el 2.9
y 14.3 % para insectos hematófagos. También colocaron en jaulas insectos
con hamsters no contaminados con Borrelia; 11 especies de hembras
contaminadas con Borrelia Burgdorferi se alimentaron de la sangre de los hamsters. No se encontró la
espiroqueta en los hamsters, pero uno de ellos presentó títulos
positivos de anticuerpos anti-Borrelia.
A partir de estos años se continuaron publicando trabajos en relación a este tema donde
se demuestra que en un porcentaje bajo la Borrelia Burgdorferi puede ser transmitida por mosquitos, moscas voladoras
(tábanos), moscas de caballo y moscas de los venados.
Es importante destacar que la mayoría de los estudios fueron
realizados en Europa, siendo quizá los más relevantes los
realizados en la Republica Checa, donde entre ellos, en
un estudio se demostró un 5% de los mosquitos estudiados contaminados
con espiroquetas y una de ellas correspondió a la cepa (BR-84) identificada como Borrelia Afzelii.
Otro detalle a resaltar es que el CDC no menciona como posible agente
transmisor de la Borreliosis de Lyme a estos insectos hematófagos, que
aun siendo bajo el porcentaje demostrado en los estudios, podría o puede
ser un factor más en la propagación de esta enfermedad por el mundo.
Aquí te dejo las referencias bibliográficas que comprueban estos hechos
y en el attach una de las especies de los mosquitos en los que se
encontró la Borrelia Burgdorferi.
" bajo el sol no hay nada oculto, y tarde o temprano aparece la evidencia que demuestra que lo que trataste de esconder, se transformó en la evidencia que se convirtió en una verdad.."
Dr. José Lapenta Dermatólogo
Dr. José .M Lapenta MD.
EDITORIAL ENGLISH
===================
Hello friends of the network, DERMAGIC EXPRESS with a super hot topic:
ARE THE MOSQUITOES INVOLVED IN THE TRANSMISSION OF LYME'S DISEASE? A few
years after the discovery of the Borrelia Burgorferi in 1981 by
Willy Burgdorfer, some scientists began to suspect that mosquitoes and
other insects could be involved in the spread of Lyme borreliosis; and
specifically in 1985-1987 studies began to appear on this subject, some
controversial, others more convincing of the fact that mosquitoes that
feed on blood from animals contaminated with Borrelia, could be vectors of
the disease and contribute to the epidemic that attacks the whole world
today by this spirochete.
Ticks are always spoken of as the only and great vector, but today I
bring you some references that will make you think that there is something
“hidden” and perhaps not revealed about Lyme Borreliosis: mosquitoes as
transmitting vectors.
Not to make it long I'm going to name the most outstanding aspects of
some studies and I'll leave the references of the facts:
Historically in the year 1961 Robert J.A. I first proved the experimental
transmission of Borrelia, in this case Borrelia anserina,
(discovered by Saknarof in the year 1891) by the hematophagous
insect Aedes aegypti in geese of the Caucasus, since then it has been
isolated from the blood of infected geese, turkeys, ducks, fowls,
partridges, crows and sparrows from all parts of Africa, Australia,
Austria, Bulgaria, Brazil, Egypt, East Indies, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
India, the U.S.S.R., Rumania and Turkey.
In 1985 Dolby et al. published in France a work of 4 Chronic Erythema
Migrans (ECM) cases, where only 1 could be checked the sting by ticks, and
raise the possibility that the transmission could have been by mosquitoes
and flies (horseflies, tabanid).
In 1987 Magnareli et al. conducted a study in Connecticut, United
States collecting mosquitoes, horse flies and deer flies, in total 18
species, which were tested for Borrelia Burgdorferi finding a
percentage of positivity that varied between 2.9 and 14.3% for
blood-sucking insects. They also placed in cages insects with hamsters not
contaminated with Borrelia; 11 species of females contaminated with
Borrelia Burgdorferi fed on the blood of the hamsters. The
spirochete was not found in the hamsters, but one of them presented
positive titers of anti-Borrelia antibodies.
From these years they continued publishing works in relation to this
subject where it is demonstrated that in a low percentage the
Borrelia Burgdorferi can be transmitted by mosquitoes, horse
flies, deer flies, and others.
It is important to note that most of the studies were conducted in
Europe, being perhaps the most relevant those made in the Czech Republic,
where among them, in one study 5% of the mosquitoes studied were shown
contaminated with spirochetes and one of them corresponded to the strain
(BR-84) identified as Borrelia Afzelii.
Another detail to highlight is that the CDC does not mention these
blood-sucking insects as a possible transmitter of Lyme borreliosis,
which, although being low in the percentage shown in the studies, could be
a factor in the spread of this disease by the world.
Here I leave the bibliographical references that prove these facts and in
the attach one of the species of mosquitoes in which the
Borrelia Burgdorferi was found.
"Under the sun there is nothing hidden, and sooner or later the evidence appears that shows that what you tried to hide, became the evidence that became a truth"
Dr. José Lapenta Dermatologist
Dr. José .M Lapenta MD.
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BIBLIOGRPHICAL REFERENCES /
REFERENCIAS BIBLOGRAFICAS
=====================================================================
1.) Doby JM , Chastel C , Couatarmanac'h A , Cousanca C ,
Chevrant-Breton J , Martin A , Legay B , Guiguen C .
[Etiologic and epidemiologic questions posed by erythema
chronicum migrans and Lyme disease. Apropos of 4 cases at the
Regional Hospital Center, Rennes]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot
Filiales. 1985;78(4):512-25.b[Article in French]
2.) Magnarelli LA1, Anderson JF. Ticks and biting insects infected with the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Aug;26(8):1482-6.
3.) J.H. (Han) van der Kolk. Borrelia burgdorferi seeks vectors. Page 119 | Taylor and Francsi online. Published online: 15 Dec 2014.
Source:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01652176.2014.972609?scroll=top&needAccess=true
4.) Chang YF, Novosel V, Chang CF, Summers BA, Ma DP, Chiang YW, Acree WM, Chu HJ, Shin S, Lein DH. 2001 Jul. Experimental induction of chronic borreliosis in adult dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks and treated with dexamethasone. Am J Vet Res. 62:1104–1112.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
5.) Chang YF, Novosol V, McDonough SP, Chang CF, Jacobson RH, Divers T, Quimby FW, Shin S, Lein DH. 2000. Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to Ixodid ticks. Vet Pathol. 37:68–76.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
6.) Fernando SS. 1983. The giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale) infection in man in Australia. Am J Surg Pathol. 7:281–284.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
7.) Halouzka J, Postic D, Hubálek Z. 1998. Isolation of the spirochaete Borrelia afzelii from the mosquito Aedes vexans in the Czech Republic. Med Vet Entomol. 12:103–105.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
8.) Halouzka J, Wilske B, Stünzner D, Sanogo YO, Hubálek Z. 1999. Isolation of Borrelia afzelii from overwintering Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes. Infection. 27(4-5):275–277.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
9.) Liu D. 2012. Dioctophyme. In: Liu D, editor. Molecular detection of human parasitic pathogens. Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis; p. 535–538.[Crossref], [Google Scholar]
10.) Qiu WG, Schutzer SE, Bruno JF, Attie O, Xu Y, Dunn JJ, Fraser CM, Casjens SR, Luft BJ. 2004. Genetic exchange and plasmid transfers in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto revealed by three-way genome comparisons and multilocus sequence typing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:14150–14155.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
11.) Stricker RB, Lautin A, Burrascano JJ. 2005. Lyme disease: point/counterpoint. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 3:155–165.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Google Scholar]
12.) Wagner B, Erb HN. Dogs and horses with antibodies to outer-surface protein C as on-time sentinels for ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi in New York State in 2011. 2012. Prev Vet Med. 107:275–279.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
13.) Zákovská A, Nejedla P, Holíková A, Dendis M. 2002. Positive findings of Borrelia burgdorferi in Culex (Culex) pipiens pipiens larvae in the surrounding of Brno city determined by the PCR method. Ann Agric Environ Med. 9:257–259.[PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
14.) J. A. ROBERTS. Experimental Transmission of Borrelia anserine (Sakharoff 1891) by Aedes aegypti. Letter | Published: 16 September 1961. Nature volume 191, page 1225 (16 September 1961)
15.) Hubálek Z1, Halouzka J, Juricová Z. Investigation of haematophagous arthropods for borreliae--summarized data, 1988-1996. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1998;45(1):67-72.
16.) Petr Zeman. Borrelia-infection rates in tick and insect vectors accompanying human risk of acquiring Lyme borreliosis in a highly endemic region in Central Europe. Folia Parasitologica 45[4] 319-325 (1998). Regional Center of Hygiene, Dittrichova 17, 120 07 Prague 2, Czech Republic
17.) Zákovská A1, Nejedla P, Holíková A, Dendis M. Positive findings of Borrelia burgdorferi in Culex (Culex) pipiens pipiens larvae in the surrounding of Brno city determined by the PCR method. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2002;9(2):257-9.
18.) Kosik-Bogacka D1, Bukowska K, Kuźna-Grygiel W. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in mosquitoes (Culicidae) in recreational areas of the city of Szczecin. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2002;9(1):55-7.
19.) Kosik-Bogacka D1, Kuźna-Grygiel W, Bukowska K. The prevalence of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks Ixodes ricinus and mosquitoes Aedes spp. within a selected recreational area in the city of Szczecin. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2004;11(1):105-8.
20.) Zákovská A1, Capková L, Serý O, Halouzka J, Dendis M. Isolation of Borrelia afzelii from overwintering Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006;13(2):345-8.
21.) Kosik-Bogacka DI1, Kuźna-Grygiel W, Górnik K. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in mosquitoes from Szczecin area. Folia Biol (Krakow). 2006;54(1-2):55-9.
22.) Alexandre C.Atalibaa. José S.Resendeb. NatalinoYoshinaric. Marcelo B.Labrunaa. Isolation and molecular characterization of a Brazilian strain of Borrelia anserina, the agent of fowl spirochaetosis.Research in Veterinary Science. Volume 83, Issue 2, October 2007, Pages 145-149https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.11.014
23.) Nejedla P1, Norek A, Vostal K, Zakovska A. What is the percentage of pathogenic borreliae in spirochaetal findings of mosquito larvae? Ann Agric Environ Med. 2009;16(2):273-6.
24.) Petra Nejedla 1, Adam Norek 1, Karel Vostal 1, Alena Žákovská 1. What is the percentage of pathogenic borreliae in spirochaetal findings of mosquito larvae?. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2009;16(2):273–276
25.) Sikutová S1, Halouzka J, Mendel J, Knoz J, Rudolf I. Novel spirochetes isolated from mosquitoes and black flies in the Czech Republic. J Vector Ecol. 2010 Jun;35(1):50-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00027.x.
26.) Melaun C1, Zotzmann S1, Santaella VG1, Werblow A1, Zumkowski-Xylander H2, Kraiczy P3, Klimpel S4. Occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in different genera of mosquitoes (Culicidae) in Central Europe. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016 Mar;7(2):256-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.10.018. Epub 2015 Nov 12.
2.) Magnarelli LA1, Anderson JF. Ticks and biting insects infected with the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Aug;26(8):1482-6.
3.) J.H. (Han) van der Kolk. Borrelia burgdorferi seeks vectors. Page 119 | Taylor and Francsi online. Published online: 15 Dec 2014.
Source:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01652176.2014.972609?scroll=top&needAccess=true
4.) Chang YF, Novosel V, Chang CF, Summers BA, Ma DP, Chiang YW, Acree WM, Chu HJ, Shin S, Lein DH. 2001 Jul. Experimental induction of chronic borreliosis in adult dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks and treated with dexamethasone. Am J Vet Res. 62:1104–1112.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
5.) Chang YF, Novosol V, McDonough SP, Chang CF, Jacobson RH, Divers T, Quimby FW, Shin S, Lein DH. 2000. Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to Ixodid ticks. Vet Pathol. 37:68–76.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
6.) Fernando SS. 1983. The giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale) infection in man in Australia. Am J Surg Pathol. 7:281–284.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
7.) Halouzka J, Postic D, Hubálek Z. 1998. Isolation of the spirochaete Borrelia afzelii from the mosquito Aedes vexans in the Czech Republic. Med Vet Entomol. 12:103–105.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
8.) Halouzka J, Wilske B, Stünzner D, Sanogo YO, Hubálek Z. 1999. Isolation of Borrelia afzelii from overwintering Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes. Infection. 27(4-5):275–277.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
9.) Liu D. 2012. Dioctophyme. In: Liu D, editor. Molecular detection of human parasitic pathogens. Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis; p. 535–538.[Crossref], [Google Scholar]
10.) Qiu WG, Schutzer SE, Bruno JF, Attie O, Xu Y, Dunn JJ, Fraser CM, Casjens SR, Luft BJ. 2004. Genetic exchange and plasmid transfers in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto revealed by three-way genome comparisons and multilocus sequence typing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:14150–14155.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
11.) Stricker RB, Lautin A, Burrascano JJ. 2005. Lyme disease: point/counterpoint. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 3:155–165.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Google Scholar]
12.) Wagner B, Erb HN. Dogs and horses with antibodies to outer-surface protein C as on-time sentinels for ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi in New York State in 2011. 2012. Prev Vet Med. 107:275–279.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
13.) Zákovská A, Nejedla P, Holíková A, Dendis M. 2002. Positive findings of Borrelia burgdorferi in Culex (Culex) pipiens pipiens larvae in the surrounding of Brno city determined by the PCR method. Ann Agric Environ Med. 9:257–259.[PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
14.) J. A. ROBERTS. Experimental Transmission of Borrelia anserine (Sakharoff 1891) by Aedes aegypti. Letter | Published: 16 September 1961. Nature volume 191, page 1225 (16 September 1961)
15.) Hubálek Z1, Halouzka J, Juricová Z. Investigation of haematophagous arthropods for borreliae--summarized data, 1988-1996. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1998;45(1):67-72.
16.) Petr Zeman. Borrelia-infection rates in tick and insect vectors accompanying human risk of acquiring Lyme borreliosis in a highly endemic region in Central Europe. Folia Parasitologica 45[4] 319-325 (1998). Regional Center of Hygiene, Dittrichova 17, 120 07 Prague 2, Czech Republic
17.) Zákovská A1, Nejedla P, Holíková A, Dendis M. Positive findings of Borrelia burgdorferi in Culex (Culex) pipiens pipiens larvae in the surrounding of Brno city determined by the PCR method. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2002;9(2):257-9.
18.) Kosik-Bogacka D1, Bukowska K, Kuźna-Grygiel W. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in mosquitoes (Culicidae) in recreational areas of the city of Szczecin. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2002;9(1):55-7.
19.) Kosik-Bogacka D1, Kuźna-Grygiel W, Bukowska K. The prevalence of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks Ixodes ricinus and mosquitoes Aedes spp. within a selected recreational area in the city of Szczecin. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2004;11(1):105-8.
20.) Zákovská A1, Capková L, Serý O, Halouzka J, Dendis M. Isolation of Borrelia afzelii from overwintering Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006;13(2):345-8.
21.) Kosik-Bogacka DI1, Kuźna-Grygiel W, Górnik K. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in mosquitoes from Szczecin area. Folia Biol (Krakow). 2006;54(1-2):55-9.
22.) Alexandre C.Atalibaa. José S.Resendeb. NatalinoYoshinaric. Marcelo B.Labrunaa. Isolation and molecular characterization of a Brazilian strain of Borrelia anserina, the agent of fowl spirochaetosis.Research in Veterinary Science. Volume 83, Issue 2, October 2007, Pages 145-149https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.11.014
23.) Nejedla P1, Norek A, Vostal K, Zakovska A. What is the percentage of pathogenic borreliae in spirochaetal findings of mosquito larvae? Ann Agric Environ Med. 2009;16(2):273-6.
24.) Petra Nejedla 1, Adam Norek 1, Karel Vostal 1, Alena Žákovská 1. What is the percentage of pathogenic borreliae in spirochaetal findings of mosquito larvae?. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2009;16(2):273–276
25.) Sikutová S1, Halouzka J, Mendel J, Knoz J, Rudolf I. Novel spirochetes isolated from mosquitoes and black flies in the Czech Republic. J Vector Ecol. 2010 Jun;35(1):50-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00027.x.
26.) Melaun C1, Zotzmann S1, Santaella VG1, Werblow A1, Zumkowski-Xylander H2, Kraiczy P3, Klimpel S4. Occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in different genera of mosquitoes (Culicidae) in Central Europe. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016 Mar;7(2):256-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.10.018. Epub 2015 Nov 12.
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