EDITORIAL ESPAÑOL
=================
Hola Amigos de la red Hoy les traigo el segundo capítulo de los HANTAVIRUS, LA FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA CON SÍNDROME RENAL (HFRS) Y EL SÍNDROME CARDIOPULMONAR POR HANTAVIRUS (HSPS).
EL tema de estos virus es tan largo que decidí dividirlo en 2
partes: PRIMERO LAS ESPECIES CONOCIDAS, y hoy,
LAS DOS PRINCIPALES ENFERMEDADES PRODUCIDAS POR ELLOS Y LOS
VIRUS INVOLUCRADOS
con algunos aspectos históricos.
Como les mencione en la edición previa, los
HANTAVIRUS
están involucrados principalmente en
dos enfermedades conocidas como
FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA CON SÍNDROME RENAL (HFRS) o NEFROPATÍA
EPIDÉMICA,
que es más frecuente en Europa, África y Asia y el SÍNDROME PULMONAR O CARDIOPULMONAR POR HANTAVIRUS
(HPS), más frecuente en las Américas,
pero ambas se pueden presentar en los países involucrados.
RATÓN DE CUELLO AMARILLO, RATÓN DE CAMPO RAYADO, RATA MARRÓN DE
NORUEGA, TOPILLO EUROASIÁTICO
LA FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA CON SÍNDROME RENAL (HFRS):
=================================================
Conocida también como
NEFROPATÍA EPIDÉMICA, FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA COREANA O FIEBRE
HEMORRÁGICA EPIDÉMICA
es transmitida por cinco (6) especies de HANTAVIRUS:
RÍO HANTAAN VIRUS, DOBRAVA-BELGRADO VIRUS, SAAREMA VIRUS, SEOUL
VIRUS, AMUR VIRUS Y PUUMALA VIRUS.
Estas especies circulan principalmente en
EUROPA, ASIA y ÁFRICA, Siendo
la más peligrosa el DOBRAVA-BELGRADO
quien causa la forma más severa de la enfermedad y tiene la mayor
mortalidad.
1.) DOBRAVA-BELGRADO VIRUS (DOVB):
==================================
Descrito por primera vez en la villa de DOBRAVA,
Eslovenia, YUGOSLAVIA, posteriormente en
Rusia, Alemania y el
Este de Europa. El reservorio del virus Dobrava es el ratón de campo cuello
amarillo. Este virus tiene tres variantes genotípicas de
patogenicidad:
A.) VIRUS GENOTIPO DOBRAVA: Encontrado en el ratón de cuello amarillo (Apodemus flavicollis)
B.) VIRUS GENOTIPO KURKINO: Encontrado en el ratón rayado de
campo (Apodemus agrarius)
C: VIRUS GENOTIPO SOCHI: Encontrado en el Ratón de campo del
Mar Negro (Apodemus ponticus).
La fatalidad por el
VIRUS DOBRAVA alcanza el
12% y 16%- 48% de los
pacientes afectados renalmente requieren diálisis.
2.) SEOUL VIRUS (SEOV):
===================
Descrito por primera vez en SEUL Corea por el
Virologista Dr. Lee Ho-Wang,
encontrado en ratónes de campo del género Apodemus, y
posteriormente fue encontrado en ratas en Noruega (Rattus
norvegicus) o rata marrón.
En 2.015 se produjo un brote
de FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA EPIDÉMICA
por este virus en
HOLANDA, INGLATERRA, GALES, FRANCIA
Y
SUECIA.
En 2.016-2.017 apareció en Estados Unidos Estado de Illinois, Wisconsin infectando 11 personas,
todas se recuperaron, posteriormente el CDC, hizo una
investigación y encontró que
las ratas diseminaron el
VIRUS SEUL (SEOV) a los Estados:
Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Misuri, Dakota del Norte,
Carolina del Sur, Tennessee, y Utah.
3.) PUUMALA VIRUS (PUUV):
=======================
Encontrado por primera vez en FINLANDIA en 1.980,El reservorio es el raton topillo rojo(bank vole). También se ha
encontrado en el
Norte de
Europa, Polonia
y Rusia en el roedor (Myodes glareolus)
quien es el reservorio del virus, el cual vive en bosques
madereros de
Europa y Asia.
El porcentaje de mortalidad del
PUUMALA VIRUS
es menor del 0.5%,
y el 5% de los pacientes afectados
renalmente
requiere de diálisis. El VIRUS PUUMALA (PUUV),
es el agente etiológico más común de la HFRS en EUROPA.
4.) SAAREMAA VIRUS (SAV):
========================
Encontrado en Eslovaquia en.
2.006
también es responsable de la forma más leve de FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA
CON SÍNDROME RENAL. (HFRS). El reservorio es el ratón rayado de
campo..
5.) HAANTAN RIVER VIRUS (HNTV):
=============================
Fue aislado del ratón rayado de campo en el año de 1.976 por
los ya mencionados el Virologistas Coreano Lee Ho Wnag
y El Americano Karl M Johnson. Es de larga data pues los primeros casos Fueron vistos en la
guerra de COREA, 1.951-1.953
cuando algunos soldados presentaron hemorragia fiebre, fallo renal
y shock.
La mortalidad de esta especie HAANTAN VIRUS (HNTV): Es del 10-12% al igual que
el DOBRAVA VIRUS.
Además de esta especie HAANTAN RIVER VIRUS (HNTV)
Y EL SEOUL VIRUS (SEOV) ya
descrito existen otras 2 especies de HANTAVIRUS responsables de
la
FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA CON SÍNDROME RENAL (HFRS)
en COREA y son: el
SOOCHONG VIRUS (SOO),
aislado en 1.997 del Ratón Apodemus peninsulae (ratón
coreano de campo) y EL
MUJU VIRUS (MUV)
6.) AMUR VIRUS (AMRV:
====================
HANTAVIRUS
también agente causal de
LA FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA CON SÍNDROME RENAL (HFRS),
aislado por primera vez del ratón Apodemus peninsulae en
China también conocido en Corea como
el ratón Coreano de Campo o ratón de la Madera. Se encuentra
distribuido en
Asia Nororiental,
incluyendo el Lejano Oriente de
Rusia,
el norte de China, y la
península Coreana.
SÍNTOMAS DE LA ENFERMEDAD:
===========================
El periodo de incubación de la enfermedad varía entre dos
(2) y cuatro (4) semanas y la enfermedad presenta
varias FASES, que incluyen 1.) HIPOTENSIÓN, disminución de las
plaquetas, fiebre, taquicardia, hipoxemia, 2.) OLIGURIA,
inicio de la insuficiencia renal, luego una fase
3.) DIURÉTICA donde el paciente presenta diuresis de 3 a 6
litros por día, y 4.) CONVALECENCIA, que representa la
mejoría del paciente. En algunos casos el paciente queda con
insuficiencia renal permanente
o muere
La mortalidad por LA
FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA CON SÍNDROME RENAL (HFRS) o NEFROPATIA
EPIDÉMICA, como les dije oscila entre en
10 y 12 %. En los pacientes que se recuperan, en algunos casos quedan con
insuficiencia renal permanente.
NO EXISTE VACUNA
actualmente para la FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA CON SÍNDROME RENAL
(HFRS).
RATÓN CIERVO, RATÓN ALGODONERO, RATA DEL ARROZ, RATÓN PATA
BLANCA
HANTAVIRUS SÍNDROME PULMONAR O CARDIOPULMONAR (HSP-HCPS):
============================================================
Este síndrome fue primeramente descrito en el año de 1.993 en
SURESTE de Los Estados Unidos en la Región denominada
"LAS CUATRO ESQUINAS", que comprenden los
Estados de Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado y Utah posteriormente el nombre fue cambiado a él
SIN NOMBRE VIRUS
debido una queja de los nativos Americanos por estigmatizar el
nombre de "CUATRO ESQUINAS". El mismo ha sido descrito en otros
estados del continente Americano.
El virus es trasmitido en los Estados Unidos por los
siguientes ROEDORES: La rata algodonera
(Sigmodon hispidus),
la rata del arroz (Oryzomys
palustris), el
ratón del Venado (Peromyscus
maniculatus) y el
ratón de patas blancas
(Peromyscus Leucopus)
El medio de contagio:
el contacto con heces, orina saliva y mordedura de estos
ratónes, o inhalación de excremento pulverizado en el aire que
contiene las partículas virales. No se ha descrito transmisión HUMANO-HUMANO,
pero
recientemente se comprobó este hecho
con una de las especies transmisoras del SINDROME CARDIOPULPULMONAR (HPS), EL
ANDES VIRUS (ANDV) en
Sur América.
Las especies de
HANTAVIRUS
transmisoras del
SINDROME CARDIPULMONAR POR HANTAVIRUS (HCSP)
son: EL
SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (SNV), BAYOU VIRUS (BAYV)
y el ANDES VIRUS (ANV), principalmente en América,
1.) SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (SNV):
========================
Hantavirus de la ya conocida familia
BUYAVIRIDAE,
descrito por primera vez en la región de los Estados Unidos
conocida como las "CUANTRO ESQUINAS" en el año de 1.993
en un paciente que presento el SINDROME PULMONAR POR HANTAVIRUS
(HPS).
El principal reservorio del
SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (SNV)
es el ratón del venado (Peromyscus maniculatus),
pero además de este roedor se ha encontrado en otros tres (3)
roredores que ya les mencione.
El SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (SNV) se
encuentra prácticamente en todo el Territorio Norteamericano con la excepción de sudeste de Texas, La florida y Norte de
Canadá, y se encuentra
más comúnmente en los estados occidentales Nuevo Mexico,
Arizona y California
estados con poblaciones rurales donde hay mayor contacto del ratón
con los humanos.
La letalidad del
SINDROME PULMONAR (HPS) POR HANTAVIRUS fue reseñada por el CDC en 1.993 en un 63 %,
hoy día 2.017 ha disminuido a
un 35%
3.) BAYOU VIRUS (BAYV):
====================
El HANTAVIRUS
BAYOU VIRUS (BAYV), fue descrito por primera vez en el Estado de Lousiana Estados
Unidos en él año 1.996
siendo aislado en la rata del arroz del plátano, siendo esta el
reservorio natural, del VIRUS el cual se encuentra
diseminado en el Sureste de Los Estados Unidos y
es el SEGUNDO HANTAVIRUS MAS COMUN en ese país después del
VIRUS SIN NOMBRE (SNV), y también es agente
etiológico del SINDROME PULMONAR POR HANTAVIRUS (HPS).
3.) ANDES VIRUS (ANV): 2026
====================
El HANTAVIRUS
ANDES VIRUS (ANDV):
fue descrito en Sur América en por primera vez en
Abril, Junio de 1.997 en Argentina en un brote de SÍNDROME CARDIOPULMONAR (HCPS)
por HANTAVIRUS, y posteriormente en Chile en 1.998.
El reservorio de este virus en Argentina y Chile
es la rata de arroz de cola larga (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) y
representa
el ÚNICO HANTAVIRUS QUE SE LE HA
DESCRITO TRANSMISIÓN DE HUMANO-HUMANO.
EL CASO DEL CRUCERO MV HONDIUS:
Se cree que esta es la
CEPA de los HANTAVIRUS que contaminó al crucero MV HONDIUS, que partió de ARGENTINA, y cuya mortalidad oscila entre el 35 hasta 50-56% de los casos. Pero la
OMS
NO LA HA CONFIRMADO
TODAVÍA.
Se han encontrado varias cepas de este virus en
Argentina:
BERMEJO, LECHIGUANAS, MACIEL, ORÁN Y PERGAMINO VIRUS.
También han sido reportado casos en
Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay
y Brasil
casos de
SÍNDROME PULMONAR (HPS)
La mortalidad del
ANDES VIRUS (ANDV) en Argentina es del
25-35%
y en Chile del
37%, con un máximo del 50 a 56%
En Brasil han estado circulando los HANTAVIRUS JUQUITIBA VIRUS posible
linaje del
ARARAQUARA VIRUS, y los ya
mencionados
BERMEJO, LECHIGUANAS, LAGUNA NEGRA, PERGAMINO, MEARIM,
MACIEL, Y ORAN VIRUS de los roedores Oligoryzomys
mattogrossae y Oligoryzomys nigripes, TODOS ESTOS son considerados CEPAS DEL
ANDES VIRUS responsables también del SÍNDROME PULMONAR (HPS).
En Venezuela está
circulando en la zona de los Llanos el
HANTAVIRUS CAÑO DELGADITO VIRUS,
descubierto en roedores en 1.990
SÍNTOMAS DE LA ENFERMEDAD:
===========================
Los síntomas del SÍNDROME PULMONAR POR HANTAVIRUS (HPS) inicialmente son similares a una gripe con
FIEBRE, TOS, DOLOR DE CABEZA, MALESTAR GENERAL, DECAIMIENTO Y
DOLOR MUSCULAR, también DOLOR ABDOMINAL , VÓMITOS Y DIARREA. Luego
en la fase tardía, 4 a 10
días después de los síntomas iniciales
HAY UN INICIO SÚBITO DE
FALTA DE ALIENTO con EDEMA PULMONAR,
que produce un fallo en la VENTILACIÓN el cual evoluciona
rápidamente y aun con asistencia mecánica respiratoria y
diuréticos potentes puede ocasionarte
la muerte.
El porcentaje de mortalidad por esta enfermedad es del 35-36%. hasta un 50.56%
LA VACUNA PARA LOS HANTAVIRUS
============================
La primera vacuna que se desarrollo contra los
HANTAVIRUS se denomina
HANTAVAX y fue creada en él
año de 1.990 para prevenir el
HANTAAN RIVER VIRUS y
SEOUL VIRUS
que ocasiona la forma más severa de la
FIEBRE HEMORRÁGICA CON SÍNDROME RENAL (HFRS), y puesta en práctica en China, y Corea,
produciendo una disminución NOTABLE de los casos anuales. Pero
para la cepa
ANDES VIRUS (ANDV)
no existe vacuna actualmente año 2026.
La vacuna está compuesta por partículas virales del
VIRUS HANTAAN VIRUS inactivadas en formalina, son 3 dosis que se colocan en los
meses: O, 1 y 13.
Otros hantavirus para los que se utiliza la vacuna incluyen
el VIRUS SEUL (SEOV).
Sin embargo, se cree que
la vacuna no es eficaz
contra los hantavirus Europeos, incluidos los virus
Puumala (PUUV)
y
Dobrava-Belgrade (DOBV)
Actualmente hay en estudio otras VACUNAS pero
NO HAN SIDO APROBADAS EN EUROPA NI LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS.
HANTAVAX tampoco ha sido aprobada por la FDA
hoy día 2026
De modo que, Tenemos a LAS RATAS portadoras prácticamente
en todo el mundo, y la mejor manera de PREVENIR INFECCIÓN POR HANTAVIRUS,
es evitar el contacto
con ellas, y sus fluidos, bien sea
heces, orina saliva y mordeduras.
En las gráficas te puse 8 roedores involucrados en las
enfermedades que te describí, pero hay muchos mas..De modo que
si ves una Rata o Un ratón en los alrededores tienes que hacer
algo por ti y tu familia, derribaLos, acabalos, evítalos !!!
Aquí tienes el link de los HANTAVIRUS I las especies descritas, y países involucrados, hoy día están considerados
entre los
10 VIRUS
más peligrosos
en el mundo. En ese link tienes la descripción de
TODAS las especies y el
evento con el crucero
MV HONDIUS.
Saludos a todos.
Dr. José Lapenta.
Dr. José M. Lapenta.
EDITORIAL ENGLISH
=================
Hi Friends of the network today I bring you the second chapter of
HANTAVIRUS II, HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS) AND CARDIOPULMONARY SYNDROME (HSPS). The subject of these viruses is so long that I decided to
divide it into 2 parts: FIRST KNOWN SPECIES, and today, the
TWO MAJOR DISEASES PRODUCED BY THEM AND THE VIRUSES INVOLVED
with some historical aspects.
As mentioned in the previous edition, HANTAVIRUS
are mainly involved in
two diseases known as
HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS) or EPIDEMIC
NEPHROPATHY,
which is most common in Europe, Africa and Asia and
HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY OR CARDIOPULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS)
more frequent in the Americas,
but both can be presented in the countries involved.
HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS):
================================================
Also known as
EPIDEMIC NEPHROPATHY, KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, or HEMORRHAGIC
EPIDEMIC FEVER
is transmitted by
five (6) species of
HANTAVIRUS: RIVER HANTAAN VIRUS, DOVRABA-BELGRADE VIRUS, SAAREMA VIRUS,
SEOUL VIRUS, AMUR VIRUS AND PUUMALA VIRUS.
These species circulate mainly in EUROPE, ASIA AND AFRICA, being the most dangerous DOBRAVA-BELGRADE that causes the
most severe form of the disease and has the highest mortality.
1.) DOBRA-BELGRADE VIRUS (DOVB):
===============================
Described for the first time in the village of DOBRAVA,
Slovenia, YUGOSLAVIA, later in Russia, Germany and Eastern Europe. The
yellow-necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), carries Dobrava
virus. This virus has three genotypic variants of
pathogenicity:
A.) DOBRAVA GENOTYPE VIRUS: Found in the yellow-necked
mouse (Apodemus flavicollis)
B.) KURKINO GENOTYPE VIRUS: Found in the field striped
mouse (Apodemus agrarius)
C: SOCHI GENOTYPE VIRUS: Found in the Black Sea field mouse
(Apodemus ponticus).
DOBRAVA VIRUS
fatality reaches 12% and
16% - 48%
of renally affected patients
require dialysis.
2. SEOUL VIRUS (SEOV):
====================
First described in Seoul Korea by the Virologist Dr. Lee
Ho-Wang,
found in field mice of the genus Apodemus, and was later found in
rats in Norway (Rattus norvegicus) or brown rat.
In 2,015 there was an outbreak
of EPIDEMIC HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
from this virus in
HOLLAND, ENGLAND, WALES, FRANCE
AND SWEDEN.
In 2.016-2.017 appeared in the United States State of
Illinois, Wisconsin infecting 11 people,
all recovered, later the CDC, did an investigation and found that
the rats disseminated the
SEOUL VIRUS (SEOV) to the
States:
Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, South
Carolina, Tennessee, and Utah.
3. PUUMALA VIRUS (PUUV):
=======================
Found first in FINLAND in 1.980,
the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), the reservoir for
Puumala virus,
it has
also been found in
Northern Europe, Poland
and Russia
in the rodent (Myodes glareolus), which is the reservoir of the
virus, which lives in wood forests in Europe and Asia.
The mortality rate of PUUMALA VIRUS is
less than 0.5%,
and 5% of renally affected patients
require dialysis.
PUUMALA PUUV VIRUS, is the most common etiological agent of
HFRS in EUROPE.
4.) SAAREMAA VIRUS (SAV):
=======================
Found in Slovakia en.2.006 is also responsible for the
mildest form of HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS), The
reservoir is the striped field mouse..
5. HANTAAN RIVER VIRUS (HNTV):
=============================
It was isolated from the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius
coreae) in the year 1.976 by the aforementioned Korean Virologists Lee Ho Wnag and The
American Karl M Johnson.
It is long-standing since the earliest cases were seen in the
Korean War, 1951-1953 when some soldiers had hemorrhage fever, renal failure and
shock.
The mortality of this species
HANTAAN VIRUS (HNTV): IS 10-12% as is the DOBRAVA
VIRUS.
In addition to this
HANTAAN RIVER VIRUS (HNTV)
AND SEOUL VIRUS
(SEOV)
species, there are 2 other
HANTAVIRUS species
responsible for
HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS)
in KOREA and are:
SOOCHONG VIRUS (SOO), isolated in 1.997 of Mouse Apodemus peninsulae (Korean mouse field) and the
MUJU VIRUS (MUV).
6.) AMUR VIRUS (AMRV:
====================
HANTAVIRUS also causal agent of
HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS), isolated for the first time of the mouse Apodemus peninsulae
in China also known in Korea as the Korean mouse field or wood mouse.
It is distributed in
Northeast Asia,
including the Far East of
Russia, northern China, and the Korean peninsula.
SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE:
=====================
The incubation period of the disease varies between two (2)
and four (4) weeks and the disease presents several PHASES,
including 1.) HYPOTENSION, decreased platelets, fever,
tachycardia, hypoxemia, 2.) OLIGURIA, onset of renal
failure, then a 3.) DIURETIC phase where the patient
presents diuresis of 3 to 6 liters per day, and
4.) CONVALESCENT phase, which represents the improvement of
the patient. In some cases the patient
has permanent renal failure
or die.
Mortality by
HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS)
or
EPIDEMIC NEPHROPATHY, as I told them oscillates between
10 and 12%. In patients who recover, in
some cases they have permanent renal failure.
NO VACCINES ARE CURRENTLY
available for
HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS). in USA and Europe.
HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY OR CARDIOPULMONARY SYNDROME
(HSP-HCPS):
=================================================================
This syndrome was first described in the year 1.993 in
Southeast of the United States in the Region called
"THE FOUR CORNERS",
which comprise the States of
Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah subsequently the
name was changed to the SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (NAMELESS VIRUS)
due to a complaint of Native Americans for stigmatizing the name
"FOUR CORNERS". The same has been described in other states of the
American continent.
The virus is transmitted in the United States by the
following RODENTS: Cotton rat (Sigmodon
hispidus), rice rat (Oryzomys
palustris),
deer mouse (Peromyscus
maniculatus) and
white-footed mouse (Peromyscus
leucopus)
The means of contagion:
contact with feces, urine saliva and biting of these mice, rats,
or inhaling excrement pulverized in the air containing viral
particles.
HUMAN-HUMAN transmission
has not been described, but recently
this fact was verified
with one of the transmitting species of CARDIOPULMONARY SYNDROME
(HCPS), the ANDES VIRUS (ANDV) in South America.
The species of
HANTAVIRUS transmitting
CARDIOPULMONARY SYNDROME BY HANTAVIRUS (HCSP) are: SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (NAMELESS)
(SNV), BAYOU VIRUS (BAYV) and
ANDES VIRUS (ANV), mainly
in America,
1.) SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (SNV): (NAMELESS)
====================================
Hantavirus of the well-known BUNYAVIRIDAE
family,
first described in the United States region known as the "FOUR
CORNERS" in the year 1.993,
in a patient presenting HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS).
The main reservoir of the
SIN NOMBRE (NO-NAME VIRUS) (SNV)
is the deer mouse
(Peromyscus maniculatus), but in addition to this rodent has been
found in three (3) already mentioned rodents.
The SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (NAMELESS) (SNV)
is found virtually throughout the North American Territory
with the exception of Southeast Texas, Florida and Northern
Canada, and is
most commonly found in the western states of New Mexico,
Arizona and California states with rural populations where there is greater contact of
the mouse with humans.
The fatality of PULMONARY SYNDROME
(HPS) by HANTAVIRUS
was reported by the CDC in
1.993 by 63%, now
2,017 have decreased to
35%
3.) BAYOU VIRUS (BAYV):
====================
HANTAVIRUS
BAYOU VIRUS (BAYV), was first described in
the State of Louisiana in the United States in 1.996,
being isolated in the marsh rice rat, being the natural reservoir
of the VIRUS which is scattered in
the Southeast of the United States
and
is the SECOND MOST COMMON HANTAVIRUS
in that country after the
SIN NOMBRE VIRUS (NO NAME (SNV), and is also the etiologic agent of HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY
SYNDROME (HPS).
3.) ANDES VIRUS (ANV):
====================
HANTAVIRUS
ANDES VIRUS (ANDV):
was described in South America for the first time in April,
June of 1.997 in Argentina
in an outbreak of HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS),
and later in Chile in 1998.
The reservoir of this virus in Argentina and Chile
is the long-tailed rice rat (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) and
represents the ONLY HANTAVIRUS
WHO HAS BEEN DESCRIBED HUMAN-HUMAN TRANSMISION.
THE MV HONDIUS CRUISE SHIP CASE:
This is believed to be
the STRAIN of
HANTAVIRUS that contaminated the
MV HONDIUS cruise
ship, which departed from
ARGENTINA, and whose mortality rate ranges
from 35% to 50-56%.
However, the WHO has
NOT YET CONFIRMED this.
Several strains of this virus have been found in
Argentina:
BERMEJO, LECHIGUANAS, MACIEL, ORAN AND PERGAMINO VIRUS.
Cases of PULMONARY SYNDROME HCPS have also been reported in
Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay
and
Brazil,
The mortality of
ANDES VIRUS (ANDV) in
Argentina is 25-35%
and in Chile 37%
In Brazil have been circulating
the possible lineage of the
ARARAQUARA VIRUS, and the
aforementioned
BERMEJO, LECHIGUANAS, LAGUNA NEGRA, PERGAMINO, MEARIM,
MACIEL, AND ORAN VIRUS
from rodents Oligoryzomys mattogrossae and Oligoryzomys nigripes,
ALL THESE are considered STRAINS OF THE
ANDES VIRUS (ANDV) also responsible for PULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS).
In Venezuela is circulating in
the area of the Llanos
HANTAVIRUS CAÑO DELGADITO VIRUS,
discovered in rodents in 1990
SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE:
=====================
Symptoms of
HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS) are
initially similar to a flu
with
FEVER, COUGH, HEADACHE, GENERAL MALAISE, WEAKNESS, AND MUSCULAR
PAIN, ALSO ABDOMINAL PAIN, NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA. In
the late phase 4 to 10 days after the inital
symptoms
THERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL START OF
LACK OF BREATH WITH PULMONARY EDEMA, resulting in a failure in VENTILATION
which evolves rapidly and even with mechanical respiratory
assistance and potent diuretics can cause death.
The mortality rate for this disease is
35-36%.
THE HANTAVIRUS VACCINE:
=======================
The first vaccine developed against HANTAVIRUS is called
HANTAVAX and was created in 1990 to prevent
HANTAAN RIVER VIRUS and SEOUL VIRUS
that causes the most severe form of
HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (HFRS), and implemented in China, and Corea,
producing a NOTABLE decrease in annual cases.
The vaccine is composed of viral particles of
HANTAAN RIVER VIRUS inactivated in formalin, 3
doses are placed in the months: 0, 1 and 13.
Other hantaviruses for which the vaccine is used include the
SEOUL VIRUS (SEOV). However, the vaccine is believed to be ineffective
against European hantavirus, including
Puumala virus (PUUV) and
Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV)
There are currently other VACCINES being studied but have
not been approved in Europe or the United States. HANTAVAX has also not been approved by the FDA today 2026
So, we have CARRYING RATS practically all over the world,
and the best way to
PREVENT HANTAVIRUS INFECTION
is to avoid contact with them, and
their fluids, be it
feces, urine, saliva
and bites.
In the attach I put 8 rodents involved in the
diseases I described, but there are many more...So if you
see Rat or a Mouse in the surroundings you have something to
do for you and your family,
knock
them down. !!
Here is the link to the HANTAVIRUS I species described, and countries involved, today are considered
among the
10 most dangerous
VIRUS in the world. That link contains a description of
ALL the SPECIES
and the event with the
MV HONDIUS cruise ship.
Greetings to all.
Dr. José Lapenta.
Dr. José M. Lapenta.
=======================================================================
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS/ BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
=======================================================================
1.) A Fatal Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Misdiagnosed as
Dengue: An Investigation into the First Reported Case in Rio de
Janeiro State, Brazil.
2) Serum levels of interleukin-6 are linked to the severity
of the disease caused by Andes Virus.
3.) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Southern Chile,
1995-2012.
4.) Differential lymphocyte and antibody responses in deer
mice infected with Sin Nombre hantavirus or Andes
hantavirus.
5.) What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with
Their Different Hosts?
6.) First human isolate of Hantavirus (Andes virus) in the
Americas.
7.) Hantavirus infections.
8.) Antiviral therapy and prevention against hantavirus
infections.
9.) Becoming an International Scientist in South Korea: Ho
Wang Lee's Research Activity about Epidemic Hemorrhagic
Fever.
10.) A novel Sin Nombre virus DNA vaccine and its inclusion
in a candidate pan-hantavirus vaccine against hantavirus pulmonary
syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
(HFRS).
11.) [Puumala and Dobrava viruses in the northeastern and
central regions of Bosnia].
12.) Puumala and Dobrava viruses cause hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome in Bosnia-Herzegovina: evidence of highly
cross-neutralizing antibody responses in early patient sera.
13.) Dobrava hantavirus causes hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome in central Europe and is carried by two different
Apodemus mice species.
14.) Co-circulation of three pathogenic hantaviruses:
Puumala, Dobrava, and Saaremaa in Hungary.
15.) Long-term immunogenicity and safety of inactivated
Hantaan virus vaccine (Hantavax™) in healthy adults.
16.) Antibody responses in humans to an inactivated
hantavirus vaccine (Hantavax).
17.) Preliminary human trial of inactivated golden
hamster kidney cell (GHKC) vaccine against haemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome (HFRS).
==================================================================
======================================================================
1.) A Fatal Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Misdiagnosed
as Dengue: An Investigation into the First Reported Case in
Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.
=======================================================================
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Jul;97(1):125-129. doi:
10.4269/ajtmh.16-0845.
de Oliveira RC1, Guterres A1, Teixeira BR2, Fernandes
J1, Júnior JMP3, de Jesus Oliveira Júnior R3, Pereira LS1,
Júnior JB3, Meneguete PS4, Dias CMG4, Bonvicino CR2, D'Andrea
PS2, de Lemos ERS1.
Author information
1
Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
2
Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos
Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação
Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brasil.
3
Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Setor de Vigilância
Epidemiológica Rio Claro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
4
Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Setor
de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brasil.
Abstract
We report the results of an investigation into a fatal
case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in Rio de Janeiro
State, Brazil, where the disease had not been reported
previous to 2015. Following the notification of an HPS case,
serum samples were collected from the household members and
work contacts of the HPS patient and tested for antibody to
hantaviruses. Seroprevalence of 22% (10/45) was indicated for
hantavirus out of 45 human samples tested. Blood and tissue
samples were collected from 72 rodents during fieldwork to
evaluate the prevalence of hantavirus infection, by using
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgG, and to characterize the
rodent hantavirus reservoir(s), by reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Antibody prevalence
was 6.9%. The circulation of a single genotype, the Juquitiba
hantavirus, carried by two rodent species, black-footed pigmy
rice rat (Oligoryzomys nigripes) and cursor grass mouse
(Akodon cursor), was shown by analysis of the nucleotide
sequences of the S segment. Juquitiba hantavirus circulates in
rodents of various species, but mainly in the black-footed
pigmy rice rat. HPS is a newly recognized clinical entity in
Rio de Janeiro State and should be considered in patients with
febrile illness and acute respiratory distress.
======================================================================
2.) Serum levels of interleukin-6 are linked to the
severity of the disease caused by Andes Virus.
======================================================================
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Jul 14;11(7):e0005757. doi:
10.1371/journal.pntd.0005757. eCollection 2017 Jul.
Angulo J1, Martínez-Valdebenito C2, Marco C2, Galeno H3,
Villagra E3, Vera L3, Lagos N3, Becerra N3, Mora J3, Bermúdez
A4, Díaz J4, Ferrés M2, López-Lastra M1.
Author information
1
Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de
Inmunología e Inmunoterapia (IMII), Departamento de
Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de
Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
2
Laboratorio de Infectología, Departamento de
Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de
Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
3
Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento
Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de
Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
4
Departamento de Asuntos Científicos, Instituto de Salud
Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) is the etiological agent of
hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile. In this study,
we evaluated the profile of the pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-21, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6 in serum
samples of ANDV-infected patients at the time of
hospitalization. The mean levels of circulating cytokines were
determined by a Bead-Based Multiplex assay coupled with
Luminex detection technology, in order to compare 43 serum
samples of healthy controls and 43 samples of ANDV-infected
patients that had been categorized according to the severity
of disease. When compared to the controls, no significant
differences in IL-1β concentration were observed in
ANDV-infected patients (p = 0.9672), whereas levels of
IL-12p70 and IL-21 were significantly lower in infected cases
(p = <0.0001). Significantly elevated levels of TNF-α,
IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-6 were detected in ANDV-infected
individuals (p = <0.0001, 0.0036, <0.0001, <0.0001,
respectively). Notably, IL-6 levels were significantly higher
(40-fold) in the 22 patients with severe symptoms compared to
the 21 individuals with mild symptoms (p = <0.0001). Using
multivariate regression models, we show that IL-6 levels has a
crude OR of 14.4 (CI: 3.3-63.1). In conclusion, the serum
level of IL-6 is a significant predictor of the severity of
the clinical outcome of ANDV-induced disease.
======================================================================
3.) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Southern Chile,
1995-2012.
======================================================================
Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Apr;21(4):562-8. doi:
10.3201/eid2104.141437.
Riquelme R, Rioseco ML, Bastidas L, Trincado D, Riquelme
M, Loyola H, Valdivieso F.
Abstract
Hantavirus is endemic to the Region de Los Lagos in
southern Chile; its incidence is 8.5 times higher in the
communes of the Andean area than in the rest of the region. We
analyzed the epidemiologic aspects of the 103 cases diagnosed
by serology and the clinical aspects of 80 hospitalized
patients during 1995-2012. Cases in this region clearly
predominated during winter, whereas in the rest of the
country, they occur mostly during summer. Mild, moderate, and
severe disease was observed, and the case-fatality rate was
32%. Shock caused death in 75% of those cases; high
respiratory frequency and elevated creatinine plasma level
were independent factors associated with death. Early clinical
suspicion, especially in rural areas, should prompt urgent
transfer to a hospital with an intensive care unit and might
help decrease the high case-fatality rate.
======================================================================
4.) Differential lymphocyte and antibody responses in
deer mice infected with Sin Nombre hantavirus or Andes
hantavirus.
======================================================================
J Virol. 2014 Aug;88(15):8319-31. doi:
10.1128/JVI.00004-14. Epub 2014 May 14.
Schountz T1, Quackenbush S2, Rovnak J2, Haddock E3,
Black WC 4th4, Feldmann H3, Prescott J3.
Author information
1
Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College
of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
tony.schountz@colostate.edu.
2
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
3
Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories,
Hamilton, Montana, USA.
4
Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College
of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Abstract
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a
rodent-borne disease with a high case-fatality rate that is
caused by several New World hantaviruses. Each pathogenic
hantavirus is naturally hosted by a principal rodent species
without conspicuous disease and infection is persistent,
perhaps for life. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are the
natural reservoirs of Sin Nombre virus (SNV), the etiologic
agent of most HCPS cases in North America. Deer mice remain
infected despite a helper T cell response that leads to
high-titer neutralizing antibodies. Deer mice are also
susceptible to Andes hantavirus (ANDV), which causes most HCPS
cases in South America; however, deer mice clear ANDV. We
infected deer mice with SNV or ANDV to identify differences in
host responses that might account for this differential
outcome. SNV RNA levels were higher in the lungs but not
different in the heart, spleen, or kidneys. Most ANDV-infected
deer mice had seroconverted 14 days after inoculation, but
none of the SNV-infected deer mice had. Examination of lymph
node cell antigen recall responses identified elevated immune
gene expression in deer mice infected with ANDV and suggested
maturation toward a Th2 or T follicular helper phenotype in
some ANDV-infected deer mice, including activation of the
interleukin 4 (IL-4) pathway in T cells and B cells. These
data suggest that the rate of maturation of the immune
response is substantially higher and of greater magnitude
during ANDV infection, and these differences may account for
clearance of ANDV and persistence of SNV.
IMPORTANCE:
Hantaviruses persistently infect their reservoir rodent
hosts without pathology. It is unknown how these viruses evade
sterilizing immune responses in the reservoirs. We have
determined that infection of the deer mouse with its
homologous hantavirus, Sin Nombre virus, results in low levels
of immune gene expression in antigen-stimulated lymph node
cells and a poor antibody response. However, infection of deer
mice with a heterologous hantavirus, Andes virus, results in a
robust lymph node cell response, signatures of T and B cell
maturation, and production of antibodies. These findings
suggest that an early and aggressive immune response to
hantaviruses may lead to clearance in a reservoir host and
suggest that a modest immune response may be a component of
hantavirus ecology.
======================================================================
5.) What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with
Their Different Hosts?
======================================================================
Viruses. 2016 Aug 11;8(8). pii: E223. doi:
10.3390/v8080223.
Ermonval M1, Baychelier F2, Tordo N3.
Author information
1
Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de
Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015
Paris, France. myriam.ermonval@pasteur.fr.
2
Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de
Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015
Paris, France. Florence.Baychelier-tine@sanofi.com.
3
Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de
Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015
Paris, France. ntordo@pasteur.fr.
Abstract
Hantaviruses, like other members of the Bunyaviridae
family, are emerging viruses that are able to cause
hemorrhagic fevers. Occasional transmission to humans is due
to inhalation of contaminated aerosolized excreta from
infected rodents. Hantaviruses are asymptomatic in their
rodent or insectivore natural hosts with which they have
co-evolved for millions of years. In contrast, hantaviruses
cause different pathologies in humans with varying mortality
rates, depending on the hantavirus species and its geographic
origin. Cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
have been reported in Europe and Asia, while hantavirus
cardiopulmonary syndromes (HCPS) are observed in the Americas.
In some cases, diseases caused by Old World hantaviruses
exhibit HCPS-like symptoms. Although the etiologic agents of
HFRS were identified in the early 1980s, the way hantaviruses
interact with their different hosts still remains elusive.
What are the entry receptors? How do hantaviruses propagate in
the organism and how do they cope with the immune system? This
review summarizes recent data documenting interactions
established by pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses with
their natural or human hosts that could highlight their
different outcomes.
======================================================================
6.) First human isolate of Hantavirus (Andes virus) in
the Americas.
======================================================================
Emerg Infect Dis. 2002 Jul;8(7):657-61.
Galeno H1, Mora J, Villagra E, Fernandez J, Hernandez J,
Mertz GJ, Ramirez E.
Author information
1
Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago.
Abstract
We isolated Andes virus (formal name: Andes virus
[ANDV], a species in the genus Hantavirus), from serum of an
asymptomatic 10-year-old Chilean boy who died 6 days later of
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The serum was obtained 12
days after his grandmother died from HPS and 2 days before he
became febrile. No hantavirus immunoglobulin (Ig) G or IgM
antibodies were detected in the serum sample. After three
blind passages, ANDV antigens were detected in Vero E6 cells
by immunofluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay, and ANDV RNA was detected by reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A fragment of the
virus genome showed 96.2% nucleotide identity with that of
prototype ANDV. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation
of any agent of hemorrhagic fever with HPS from a human and
the first such isolation of hantavirus before symptoms of that
syndrome or HPS began.
======================================================================
7.) Hantavirus infections.
======================================================================
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Jun 22. pii:
S1198-743X(15)00536-4. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12291. [Epub
ahead of print]
Avšič-Županc T1, Saksida A2, Korva M2.
Author information
1
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of
Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address:
tatjana.avsic@mf.uni-lj.si.
2
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of
Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Abstract
Over the past few decades understanding and recognition
of hantavirus infection has greatly improved worldwide, but
both the amplitude and the magnitude of hantavirus outbreaks
have been increasing. Several novel hantaviruses with unknown
pathogenic potential have been identified in a variety of
insectivore hosts. With the new hosts, new geographical
distributions of hantaviruses have also been discovered and
several new species were found in Africa. Hantavirus infection
in humans can result in two clinical syndromes: haemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus
cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) caused by Old World and New
World hantaviruses, respectively. The clinical presentation of
HFRS varies from subclinical, mild, and moderate to severe,
depending in part on the causative agent of the disease. In
general, HFRS caused by Hantaan virus, Amur virus and Dobrava
virus are more severe with mortality rates from 5 to 15%,
whereas Seoul virus causes moderate and Puumala virus and
Saaremaa virus cause mild forms of disease with mortality
rates <1%. The central phenomena behind the pathogenesis of
both HFRS and HCPS are increased vascular permeability and
acute thrombocytopenia. The pathogenesis is likely to be a
complex multifactorial process that includes contributions
from immune responses, platelet dysfunction and the
deregulation of endothelial cell barrier functions. Also a
genetic predisposition, related to HLA type, seems to be
important for the severity of the disease. As there is no
effective treatment or vaccine approved for use in the USA and
Europe, public awareness and precautionary measures are the
only ways to minimize the risk of hantavirus disease.
======================================================================
8.) Antiviral therapy and prevention against hantavirus
infections.
======================================================================
Acta Virol. 2017;61(1):3-12. doi:
10.4149/av_2017_01_3.
Szabó R.
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging zoonoses hosted by small
mammals. In humans, they cause two diseases. Hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome is mainly caused by Dobrava-Belgrade
virus, Puumala virus, Seoul virus and Hantaan virus in Asia
and Europe. On the other hand, the most important causes of
hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome are Sin Nombre virus and
Andes virus in Americas. Ribavirin yet remains the only
licensed drug against the hantavirus infections, but its
sufficient antiviral activity remains an issue under
discussion. There are still no available vaccines against
hantaviruses except of some inactivated virus vaccines
licensed only in East-Asian countries. Some of the vaccines
are under development in pre-clinical stages. The review
discuses about specific compounds with approved antiviral
activity against hantaviruses. Other approaches such as
development of vaccines, are compiled as well.
======================================================================
9.) Becoming an International Scientist in South Korea:
Ho Wang Lee's Research Activity about Epidemic Hemorrhagic
Fever.
======================================================================
Uisahak. 2017 Apr;26(1):95-124. doi:
10.13081/kjmh.2017.26.95.
Shin M1.
Author information
1
Dept. of Science Studies, Chonbuk National University,
Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, KOREA.
Abstract
In the 1960-70s, South Korea was still in the position
of a science latecomer. Although the scientific research
environment in South Korea at that time was insufficient,
there was a scientist who achieved outcomes that could be
recognized internationally while acting in South Korea. He was
Ho Wang Lee(1928~ ) who found Hantann Virus that causes
epidemic hemorrhagic fever for the first time in the world. It
became a clue to identify causative viruses of hemorrhagic
diseases that were scattered here and there throughout the
world. In addition, these outcomes put Ho Wang Lee on the
global center of research into epidemic hemorrhagic fever.
This paper examines how a Korean scientist who was in the
periphery of virology could go into the central area of
virology. Also this article shows the process through which
the virus found by Ho Wang Lee was registered with the
international academia and he proceeded with follow-up
research based on this progress to reach the level at which he
generalized epidemic hemorrhagic fever related studies
throughout the world. While he was conducting the studies,
experimental methods that he had never experienced encountered
him as new difficulties. He tried to solve the new
difficulties faced in his changed status through devices of
cooperation and connection. Ho Wang Lee's growth as a
researcher can be seen as well as a view of a researcher that
grew from a regional level to an international level and could
advance from the area of non-mainstream into the mainstream.
This analytic tool is meaningful in that it can be another
method of examining the growth process of scientists in South
Korea or developing countries.
======================================================================
10.) A novel Sin Nombre virus DNA vaccine and its
inclusion in a candidate pan-hantavirus vaccine against
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome (HFRS).
========================================================================
Vaccine. 2013 Sep 13;31(40):4314-21. doi:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.025. Epub 2013 Jul 24.
Hooper JW1, Josleyn M, Ballantyne J, Brocato R.
Author information
1
Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research
Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
Jay.W.Hooper@us.army.mil
Abstract
Sin Nombre virus (SNV; family Bunyaviridae, genus
Hantavirus) causes a hemorrhagic fever known as hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in North America. There have been
approximately 200 fatal cases of HPS in the United States
since 1993, predominantly in healthy working-age males (case
fatality rate 35%). There are no FDA-approved vaccines or
drugs to prevent or treat HPS. Previously, we reported that
hantavirus vaccines based on the full-length M gene segment of
Andes virus (ANDV) for HPS in South America, and Hantaan virus
(HTNV) and Puumala virus (PUUV) for hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia, all elicited high-titer
neutralizing antibodies in animal models. HFRS is more
prevalent than HPS (>20,000 cases per year) but less
pathogenic (case fatality rate 1-15%). Here, we report the
construction and testing of a SNV full-length M gene-based DNA
vaccine to prevent HPS. Rabbits vaccinated with the SNV DNA
vaccine by muscle electroporation (mEP) developed high titers
of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, hamsters vaccinated
three times with the SNV DNA vaccine using a gene gun were
completely protected against SNV infection. This is the first
vaccine of any kind that specifically elicits high-titer
neutralizing antibodies against SNV. To test the possibility
of producing a pan-hantavirus vaccine, rabbits were vaccinated
by mEP with an HPS mix (ANDV and SNV plasmids), or HFRS mix
(HTNV and PUUV plasmids), or HPS/HFRS mix (all four plasmids).
The HPS mix and HFRS mix elicited neutralizing antibodies
predominantly against ANDV/SNV and HTNV/PUUV, respectively.
Furthermore, the HPS/HFRS mix elicited neutralizing antibodies
against all four viruses. These findings demonstrate a
pan-hantavirus vaccine using a mixed-plasmid DNA vaccine
approach is feasible and warrants further development.
======================================================================
11.) [Puumala and Dobrava viruses in the northeastern
and central regions of Bosnia].
======================================================================
Acta Med Croatica. 2003;57(5):373-80.
[Article in Croatian]
Hukić M1, Muzaferović S, Tulumović D, Calkić L, Sabović
S, Karakas S, Sabitović D, Pavić G, Osmancević E.
Author information
1
Zavod za mikrobiologiju Univerzitetski klinicki centar
Tuzla Trnovac bb 75000 Tuzla, Bosna i Hercegovina.
Abstract
Bosnia and Herzegovina has been known as a highly
endemic region for Hantavirus infections for more than 50
years. Previous studies have shown that at least two different
hantaviruses, the murine Dobrava (DOB) and avricoline Puumala
(PUU) viruses, each carried by a different rodent species,
have been circulating in the area. However, there is little
information on rodent population density fluctuations in
Bosnia over the past years as well as on the ratio of Puumala
to Dobrava infection in humans.
THE AIMS:
THE AIMS OF OUR STUDY WERE:
to identify the rodent species which may serve as
hantavirus reservoirs in the north-east and central Bosnia; to
assess the geographical distribution, density and population
dynamics of rodent species in the area; to assess the
influence of climatic conditions on the size of rodent
population; and to determine the ratio of Puumala to Dobrava
infection in humans.
METHODS:
The epidemiologic and epizootic study in the north-east
and central Bosnia was conducted during the 8-year period
(1995-2003). The average yearly and monthly temperatures, air
humidity and precipitation during the study period were
analyzed. A total of 381 small rodents were caught during the
epidemic years (1995 and 2002), and in-between the epidemic
periods (1999 and 2000). The animals were caught by live-traps
and identified by morphometric methods. The density of animals
was estimated by counting the number of holes per 1000 m2.
Sera of 311 patients with clinical signs and symptoms of
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) were tested for
the presence of antibodies reactive to the Dobrava, Puumala
and Seoul viruses by using indirect immunofluorescence test
(IIF), and IgG and IgM ELIS. Sera of 84 patients were tested
using only IIF, and 227 sera were tested by IIF and -capture
IgM ELIS tests.
RESULTS:
During the epidemic years, the average monthly
temperatures in February were by 4.3 times higher than the
average temperatures during the nonepidemic years, which may
have influenced the early reproduction of rodents and
development of "mouse years". The rodents were identified as:
Apodemus flavicollis (n = 139), Apodemus sylvaticus (n = 89),
Apodemus agrarius (n = 4), Clethrionomys glareolus (n = 117),
Sorex araneus (n = 5), Pytimus subterraneus (n = 23), Mus
musculus (n = 1), Mycrotus arvalis (n = 1) and Rattus
norvegicus (n = 2). Clethrionomys glareolus was predominant in
the regions with the altitude higher than 1160 meters and
Apodemus species in the regions with the altitude lower than
670 meters. The rodent population density changes seasonally
and cyclically. During the epidemic years, the rodent
population density was marked as very high, whereas during the
nonepidemic years it was designated from low to moderate.
Well-known natural hosts of Hantaviruses (A. flavicolis and C.
glareolus) are most widely spread species of small rodents,
and the increase in their population is closely related with
outbreaks of epidemics of HVBS-a. Puumala virus caused HVBS-a
in 49.84% (155/311); Dobrava virus in 23.15% (72/311) of
cases, whereas Hantaviruses serotype was not identified in
27.00% (84/311) of cases. Infections caused by Puumala virus
were more frequent than the infections caused by Dobrava virus
during both epidemic and nonepidemic periods. The proportion
of humans infected with Puumala and Dobrava viruses correlated
with the number of natural hosts of Hantaviruses in the areas
of HVBS outbreaks. The study of the prevalence of hantavirus
antibodies in the populations of rodents and humans, which had
been under way, should elucidate these relationships.
======================================================================
12.) Puumala and Dobrava viruses cause hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome in Bosnia-Herzegovina: evidence of highly
cross-neutralizing antibody responses in early patient
sera.
======================================================================
Lundkvist A1, Hukic M, Hörling J, Gilljam M, Nichol S,
Niklasson B.
Author information
1
Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control,
Stockholm. Ake.Lundkvist@smi.ki.se
Abstract
Hantavirus infection was diagnosed serologically by
mu-capture IgM and IgG ELISAs in hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome (HFRS) patients admitted to Tuzla Hospital,
Bosnia-Herzegovina. The results indicated that more than one
hantavirus caused the outbreak. To address the question of
which hantavirus serotypes were involved, sequentially drawn
sera were analyzed by focus reduction neutralization test
(FRNT) for antibodies against Puumala, Hantaan, Dobrava, and
Seoul hantaviruses. The data revealed that acute- or early
convalescent-phase sera, even when drawn as late as 3 weeks
after the onset of disease, could not be used for typing of
the causative hantavirus; a significant number of these
samples showed similar reactivity of neutralizing antibodies
to several different hantavirus serotypes. Moreover, although
several acute-phase sera showed the highest FRNT titer to
Hantaan virus, convalescent sera from these patients in all
cases showed high specificity for Puumala or Dobrava viruses.
This phenomenon, interpreted as a cross-neutralizing primary
antibody response, makes several earlier reports concerning
causative agents of HFRS questionable. Serological examination
of small rodents trapped in the endemic area identified
Puumala- and Dobrava-like virus infections. RT-PCR and
sequencing of rodent lung samples identified Dobrava virus in
one yellow-necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis).
Cross-FRNT data, using polyclonal rabbit antibodies, clearly
confirmed Dobrava virus as a unique hantavirus serotype. In
conclusion, the results revealed that both Puumala- and
Dobrava-like viruses caused HFRS in Bosnia-Herzegovina,
whereas no signs of Hantaan or Seoul virus involvement were
found.
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13.) Dobrava hantavirus causes hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome in central Europe and is carried by two
different Apodemus mice species.
======================================================================
J Med Virol. 2001 Feb;63(2):158-67.
Sibold C1, Ulrich R, Labuda M, Lundkvist A, Martens H,
Schütt M, Gerke P, Leitmeyer K, Meisel H, Krüger DH.
Author information
1
Institute of Virology, Charité School of Medicine,
Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
Abstract
In central Europe, hemorrhagic fevers with renal
syndrome (HFRS) in humans are caused by the hantavirus species
Puumala (transmitted by voles) and a second, Hantaan-related
species (transmitted by mice). The second virus could be
identified as Dobrava virus. To date, 19 clinical cases of
Dobrava infection have been found in Germany and Slovakia. All
patients exhibited a mild/moderate clinical course and no case
fatality occurred. Screening for infected rodents revealed
that the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) represents
the main reservoir for Dobrava virus in central Europe.
Nucleotide sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis
based on complete and partial genomic S segment nucleotide
sequences placed the Slovakian A. agrarius-derived hantavirus
strains within the Dobrava species, forming a cluster on the
Dobrava phylogenetic tree. In east Slovakia, a single Dobrava
virus-infected yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) was
trapped in a locality that predominantly showed
Dobrava-infected A. agrarius. Comparison of the S segment
sequence (nucleotides 381-935) revealed that the Dobrava
strain from A. flavicollis shows only 84.3% nucleotide
homology to A. agrarius-derived strains from this location but
96.3% homology to A. flavicollis-derived Dobrava strains from
the Balkans (southeast Europe). Phylogenetic analysis of the
partial S segment placed the A. flavicollis-derived Dobrava
strain from Slovakia on a distinct Dobrava lineage (DOB-Af)
together with the south-east European A. flavicollis-derived
strains. The results indicate that Dobrava strains from A.
agrarius (DOB-Aa) vs. A. flavicollis (DOB-Af) could develop
different degrees of virulence in humans.
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14.) Co-circulation of three pathogenic hantaviruses:
Puumala, Dobrava, and Saaremaa in Hungary.
=======================================================================
J Med Virol. 2009 Dec;81(12):2045-52. doi:
10.1002/jmv.21635.
Plyusnina A1, Ferenczi E, Rácz GR, Nemirov K, Lundkvist
A, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O, Plyusnin A.
Author information
1
Department of Virology, Infection Biology Research
Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland.
Abstract
Hantaviruses (Bunyaviridae) cause hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus
(cardio)pulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. HFRS is
caused by Hantaan virus (HTNV), Seoul virus (SEOV), Dobrava
virus (DOBV), Saaremaa virus (SAAV), and Puumala virus (PUUV).
Of those, only HTNV is not present in Europe. In recent years,
hantaviruses, described in other parts of Europe, were also
detected at various locations in Hungary. To study the genetic
properties of Hungarian hantaviruses in detail, sequences of
the viral S and M segments were recovered from bank voles
(Myodes glareolus), yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis),
and striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius) trapped in the
Transdanubian region. As expected, the sequences recovered
belonged, respectively, to PUUV (two strains), DOBV (one
strain), and SAAV (one strain). On phylogenetic trees two new
Hungarian PUUV strains located within the well- supported
Alpe-Adrian (ALAD) genetic lineage that included also
Austrian, Slovenian, and Croatian strains. Analysis of the
Hungarian SAAV and DOBV genetic variants showed host-specific
clustering and also geographical clustering within each of
these hantavirus species. Hungarian SAAV and DOBV strains were
related most closely to strains from Slovenia (Prekmurje
region). This study confirms that multiple hantaviruses can
co-circulate in the same locality and can be maintained
side-by-side in different rodent species.
=================================================================
15.) Long-term immunogenicity and safety of inactivated
Hantaan virus vaccine (Hantavax™) in healthy adults.
==================================================================
Vaccine. 2016 Mar 4;34(10):1289-95. doi:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.031. Epub 2016 Jan 28.
Song JY1, Woo HJ2, Cheong HJ1, Noh JY1, Baek LJ3, Kim
WJ4.
Author information
1
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal
Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea.
2
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal
Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea.
3
Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral
Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea.
4
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal
Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Republic of Korea. Electronic address:
wjkim@korea.ac.kr.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is a serious
health problem in Eurasian countries, including Korea and
China. This study evaluated the long-term immunogenicity and
safety of formalin-inactivated Hantaan virus vaccine
(Hantavax™).
METHODS:
A phase III, multi-center clinical trial was undertaken
to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of Hantavax™
(three-dose schedule at 0, 1, and 13 months) among healthy
adults. Immune response was assessed using the plaque
reduction neutralizing antibody test (PRNT) and
immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA). Antibody levels were
measured pre-vaccination and at 2, 13, 14, 25, 37, and 49
months after the initial vaccination. Systemic and local
adverse events were assessed.
RESULTS:
A total of 226 healthy subjects aged 19-75 years were
enrolled. Following two primary doses of Hantavax™, the
seroconversion rate was 90.14% by IFA, but it was only 23.24%
by PRNT50. With booster administration, seropositive rates
were 87.32% and 45.07% at one month post-vaccination according
to IFA and PRNT50, respectively. In young adults (19-39
years), the seropositive rate according to PRNT50 reached
about 60% after booster vaccination. The mean duration of
seropositive response was 735 days for PRNT50 and 845 days for
IFA. Solicited local and systemic adverse events occurred in
47.79% and 25.22% of study subjects, respectively, and most
were grade 1.
CONCLUSION:
Hantavax™ showed a booster effect and immunogenicity
lasting two years with a three-dose schedule. The neutralizing
antibody response was quite poor with two primary doses, so an
early booster vaccination at 2-6 months might be warranted to
provide timely protection to high-risk subjects.
======================================================================
16.) Antibody responses in humans to an inactivated
hantavirus vaccine (Hantavax).
======================================================================
Vaccine. 1999 Jun 4;17(20-21):2569-75.
Cho HW1, Howard CR.
Author information
1
Department of Virology, National Institute of Health,
Eunpyung Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
Abstract
Hantaviruses cause haemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome (HFRS) and result in severe human morbidity and
mortality. Safe and effective vaccines are needed urgently in
order to reduce the incidence of human illness. Hitherto
studies of hantavirus vaccine efficiency have been limited to
individuals at low risk of infection. In this study the immune
response to an inactivated hantavirus vaccine was measured in
64 human volunteers at high risk of infection by virtue of
residence and occupation. 30 d after vaccination, 79% of
subjects developed a significant hantavirus antibody titre as
measured by immunofluorescence (IFA) and 62% by enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seroconversion rates increased to
97% one month after the booster dose. Neutralising antibody
titres paralleled this trend with 13% of vaccine recipients
producing neutralising antibody one month after the first dose
and 75% of vaccine recipients responding one month after
boosting. Antibody titres had declined by one year, however,
with only 37% and 43% of sera positive by IFA and ELISA,
respectively. Re-vaccination at this time produced a vigorous
anamnestic response with 94% and 100% of vaccine recipients
yielding positive antibody titres. Only 50% of the sampled
population, however, produced neutralising antibodies
following the booster dose one year later. The vaccine was
well tolerated and there were no apparent differences in the
responses of males and females. However, further improvement
of this vaccine is necessary in order to induce a more
longlasting humoral immune response.
======================================================================
17.) Preliminary human trial of inactivated golden
hamster kidney cell (GHKC) vaccine against haemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome (HFRS).
======================================================================
Vaccine. 1992;10(4):214-6.
Song G1, Huang YC, Hang CS, Hao FY, Li DX, Zheng XL, Liu
WM, Li SL, Huo ZW, Huei LJ, et al.
Author information
1
Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Preventive
Medicine, Beiming.
Abstract
An inactivated golden hamster kidney cell culture (GHKC)
vaccine against haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
has been developed in recent years. A monovalent GHKC vaccine
(lot 88-17) was prepared with L99 strain of the rat-type
hantavirus, adapted in suckling mouse brain, cultivated in
GHKC, and inactivated with 0.025% formalin, and a preliminary
trial of the vaccine was carried out in a small number of
human volunteers with the approval of the Ministry of Public
Health, PRC, in order to identify safety and antibody response
of the vaccine. Three inoculations were made on days 0, 7 and
28 respectively, by the intramuscular route with 1 ml vaccine
each time for every volunteer. No obvious side effect was
observed in vaccinees within 3 days after each inoculation.
All 12 vaccinees (10 received three inoculations, and two
received two inoculations of the vaccine) showed positive
seroconversion of IgG antibody (by IFAT and ELISA) and
neutralizing antibody (by enzyme focus reduction
neutralization test, EFRNT), and 10 of them were still
seropositive 180 and 360 days after the first inoculation.
These results suggest that this vaccine would be safe for
human use, and could effectively induce IgG and neutralizing
antibody responses.
==================================================================
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