noviembre 2025 - DERMAGIC EXPRESS / Dermatologia y Bibliografia - Dermatology & bibliography DERMAGIC EXPRESS / Dermatologia y Bibliografia - Dermatology & bibliography: noviembre 2025

martes, 11 de noviembre de 2025

THE CAT SCRATCH DISEASE. / LA ENFERMEDAD POR ARAÑAZO DE GATO.


LA ENFERMEDAD POR ARAÑAZO DE GATO !!


THE CAT SCRATH DISEASE !!

 

The Cat scratch disease

ACTUALIZADO 2017 - 2025  

 

EDITORIAL ESPAÑOL:
===================

Hola amigos de la red. De nuevo el DERMAGIC EXPRESS con un tema bien interesante sobre las mascotas, en este caso los lindos gatitos. 

El tema de hoy LA ENFERMEDAD POR ARAÑAZO DE GATO (EAG).  >

1.) HISTORIA: 

Enfermedad Zoonótica transmitida por la mordedura o arañazos de nuestras mascotas,  lindos gatitos. El agente causal de esta enfermedad es la bacteria BARTONELLA HENSELAE, la cual fue aislada y descubierta en la década de los años 1990 - 1993 por el investigador J. Michael Dolan. y colaboradores. La bacteria es transmitida por la saliva de los gatos contaminados.

En años anteriores ya se había descrito la enfermedad y se le atribuía a la bacteria Rochalimaea henselae, pero posteriormente fue reclasificada por estos científicos como Bartonella Henselae.

Según los científicos mas de la mitad de los gatos son portadoras de la misma. La bacteria es transmitida de gato a gato por la pulga del gato Ctenocephalides felis.

2.) CARACTERÍSTICAS CLÍNICAS:

- Sintomas locales: La enfermedad comienza como una pápula en el sitio de la inoculación, la cual aparece entre 3 y 30 días después del contacto, posteriormente se transforma en una pústula, seguida luego de linfadenopatía regional dolorosa, que aparece aproximadamente tres semanas después.

- Síntomas sistémicos: Pueden incluir fiebre, malestar general, cefalea, pérdida de apetito y pérdida de peso.

- En la mayoría de los casos la enfermedad es autolimitada, y la linfadenopatía se resuelve espontáneamente en 1 a 6 meses. La enfermedad puede sanar espontáneamente pero puede dar manifestaciones mas severas entre las que destacan:

3.) COMPLICACIONES A LARGO PLAZO:

A.) Linfadenopatía Crónica:

En algunos casos, los ganglios linfáticos pueden permanecer inflamados durante meses o incluso años después de la infección inicial. Esto puede causar molestias y requerir seguimiento médico.

B.) Infecciones Diseminadas:

En casos severos, la
Bartonella henselae puede diseminarse a otros órganos, como el hígado, el bazo, los pulmones y el sistema nervioso central. Esto puede resultar en complicaciones más graves, como hepatitis o neumonía.

C.) Complicaciones Oculares:

La CSD puede causar problemas oculares, como la retinitis, que puede llevar a la pérdida de visión si no se trata adecuadamente. Esto es más común en personas inmunocomprometidas.
Síndrome óculo glandular de Parinaud, neuroretinitis, uveítis.

D.) Síntomas Neurológicos:

En raras ocasiones, la enfermedad puede afectar el sistema nervioso, causando síntomas como confusión, convulsiones o encefalitis.
 

E.) Fatiga Persistente:

Algunas personas pueden experimentar fatiga prolongada y malestar general que persiste mucho después de que otros síntomas han desaparecido.

F.) Artritis:

Aunque es poco común, algunos pacientes pueden desarrollar artritis o dolor articular como resultado de la infección.
 

4.) RESUMEN DE MANIFESTACIONES CLÍNICAS: 

- GENERALES: Malestar. fiebre, anorexia, perdida de peso.
- PIEL: Nódulos subcutáneos y abscesos.
- HIGAGO: Hepatitis granulomatosa, hepatomegalia, absceso hepático.
- BAZO: Esplenomegalia, abscesos esplénicos.
- CEREBRO: Encefalitis, meningitis, convulsiones.
- MÉDULA ESPINAL: mielitis transversa.
- CORAZÓN: Endocarditis.
- SANGRE: Bacteriemia.
- OJO: Síndrome óculo glandular de Parinaud, neuro retinitis, uveítis.

La Bartonella Henselae también produce otra enfermedad denominada ANGIOMATOSIS BACILAR, y la Bartonella Quintana también,  la cual se observa mas en pacientes inmunocomprometidos.

5.) TRATAMIENTO:

las opciones de tratamiento para la enfermedad por arañazo de gato son:    
1.) Aplicación de Calor Local:
Esta medida se recomienda en la zona afectada para aliviar el dolor y la inflamación.

2.) Analgésicos: para aliviar el dolor e inflamación.

3.) Antibióticos: La literatura refiere que no siempre son necesarios, pero lo ideal es administrar antibióticos para evitar la diseminación  de la infección, y los elegibles son; azitromicina o doxiciclina para ayudar a reducir la inflamación de los ganglios linfáticos y acortar la duración de los síntomas. 

Sin embargo, su uso es controvertido y no se considera esencial en todos los casos.

En un estudio de 268 pacientes con esta patología se demostró la efectividad de 4 (cuatro) antibióticos: ellos fueron:

1.)  Rifampicina 87%.

2.)  Ciprofloxacino 84%.

3.)  Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol 58%.

4.)  El sulfato de gentamicina intramuscular tuvo una eficacia del 73%.

- En los casos donde se presenta supuración de los ganglios linfáticos se ha utilizado con éxito la inyección intra-nodal de gentamicina.

- En casos de afección ocular se ha utilizado gotas tópicas de ketorolaco al 0,5 % dos veces al día y difluprednato al 0,05 % cuatro veces al día durante más de 6 semanas.

4.) En pacientes inmunodeprimidos (VIH/SIDA) o enfermedades autoinmunes el tratamiento debe ser mas agresivo:

Aparte de los clásicos analgésicos y medidas locales (calor), la antibiótico terapia debe ser obligatoria: azitromicina, doxiciclina, rifampicina o gentamicina, ciprofloxacino, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol.

 6.) INCIDENCIA POBLACIONAL:

La incidencia de la enfermedad por ARAÑAZO DE GATO en los Estados Unidos entre 2.005 y 2.013 en niños entre 5 y 9 años de edad fue de 9,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes.  

El grupo etario mas afectados fue de 50 a 64 años. Se estiman unos 12.000 casos nuevos al año, de los cuales 500 son hospitalizados.
  

La mejor medida preventiva: controlar la pulga del gato y por supuesto evitar la mordedura o arañazos de los lindos gatitos.

A través de estas 52 referencias conocerás la enfermedad, sus complicaciones y las alternativas terapéuticas.

En el adjunto, el gato, el niño, la pápula inicial y la posterior linfadenopatía.

Saludos a todos,,,

 Dr. José Lapenta.

 Dr. José M. Lapenta.

 

The cat scratch disease 

EDITORIAL ENGLISH: 
===================

Hello friends of the network. DERMAGIC EXPRESS Again with a very interesting topic about pets, in this case the cute kittens. 

Today's topic     the  CAT SCRATCH DISEASE (CSD) Transmitted Zoonotic Disease by the bite or scratches of our pets, cute kittens.

1.) HISTORY:
 

A zoonotic disease transmitted by the bite or scratch of our pets, our cute kittens. The causative agent of this disease is the bacterium BARTONELLA HENSELAE, which was isolated and discovered between 1990 and 1993 by researcher J. Michael Dolan and colleagues. The bacteria is transmitted through the saliva of infected cats.

The disease had been described in previous years and attributed to the bacterium
Rochalimaea henselae, but it was later reclassified by these scientists as Bartonella henselae.

According to the scientists more than half of the cats are carriers of the same. The bacterium is transmitted from cat to cat by cat flea Ctenocephalides felis.

2.) CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

- Local symptoms: The disease begins as a papule at the inoculation site, which appears between 3 and 30 days after contact. It subsequently transforms into a pustule, followed by painful regional lymphadenopathy, which appears approximately three weeks later.

- Systemic symptoms: These may include fever, malaise, headache, loss of appetite, and weight loss.

- In most cases, the disease is self-limiting, and the lymphadenopathy resolves spontaneously within 1 to 6 months. While the disease can resolve spontaneously, it can also present with more severe manifestations, including: 

3.) LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS:

 
A.) Chronic Lymphadenopathy:

In some cases, lymph nodes may remain swollen for months or even years after the initial infection. This can cause discomfort and require medical follow-up.

B.) Disseminated Infections:

In severe cases,
Bartonella henselae can spread to other organs, such as the liver, spleen, lungs, and central nervous system. This can result in more serious complications, such as hepatitis or pneumonia.

C.) Ocular Complications:

Cat Sctrach disease CSD can cause eye problems, such as retinitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated properly. This is more common in immunocompromised people. Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome, neuroretinitis, uveitis.


D.) Neurological Symptoms:

Rarely, the disease can affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as confusion, seizures, or encephalitis.

E.) Persistent Fatigue:

Some people may experience prolonged fatigue and malaise that persists long after other symptoms have disappeared.

F.) Arthritis:

Although rare, some patients may develop arthritis or joint pain as a result of the infection.

 

 4.) SUMMARY OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:


- GENERAL: Discomfort. Fever, anorexia, weight loss.
-  SKIN: Subcutaneous nodules and abscesses.
-  LIVER: Granulomatous hepatitis, Hepatomegaly, hepatic abscess.
- SPLEEN: Splenomegaly, splenic abscesses.
- BRAIN: Encephalitis, meningitis, seizures
- SPINAL CORD: transverse myelitis.
- HEART: Endocarditis.
- BLOOD: Bacteremia
- EYE: Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome, neuroretinitis, uveitis.

- The
Bartonella Hanselae also produces another disease called BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS, also Bartonella Quintana, which is seen more in immunocompromised patients.

5.) TREATMENT:

Treatment options for cat scratch disease are:

1.) Local Heat Application:
This measure is recommended in the affected area to relieve pain and inflammation.

2.) Analgesics: to relieve pain and inflammation.

3.) Antibiotics: The literature states that they are not always necessary, but the better way is to administer antibiotics to prevent the spread of infection, and the eligible ones are; azithromycin or doxycycline to help reduce the inflammation of the lymph nodes and shorten the duration of symptoms.

However, its use is controversial and is not considered essential in all cases.

In a study of 268 patients with this pathology, the effectiveness of 4 (four) antibiotics was demonstrated: they were:

1.) Rifampicin 87%.

2.) Ciprofloxacin 84%.

3.)  Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 58%. 

4.) Intramuscular gentamicin sulfate was 73% effective.

- In cases where lymph node suppuration is present, intranodal injection of gentamicin has been used successfully.

- In cases of ocular involvement, topical drops of 0.5% ketorolac twice a day and 0.05% difluprednate four times a day have been used for more than 6 weeks.

4.) In immunosuppressed patients(HIV/AIDS) or autoimmune diseases: treatment should be more aggressive:

Apart from the classic analgesics and local measures (heat), antibiotic therapy should be mandatory: azithromycin, doxycycline, rifampicin or gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

6.) POPULATION INCIDENCE: 

The incidence of CAT SCRATCH DISEASE (CSD) in the United States between 2005 and 2013 in children between 5 and 9 years of age was 9.4 cases per 100,000 population. 

The most affected age group was 50 to 64 years. 

About 12.000 new cases are estimated each year, of which 500 are hospitalized.

The best preventive measure: control the flea of ​​the cat and of course avoid the biting or scratches of the cute kittens.

Through these 52 references you will know the disease, its complications and the therapeutic alternatives.

In the attachment, the cat, the child, the initial papule and the posterior lymphadenopathy.

Greetings to all.

Dr. José Lapenta.

Dr. José M. Lapenta 

 

 ===============================================================
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS / BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
================================================================

A.) Effectiveness of Antibiotic Therapy in Pediatric Patients With Cat Scratch Disease (2018).
B.) Cat-Scratch Disease (2011).
C.) Antibiotic Therapy for Cat-Scratch Disease: Clinical Study of Therapeutic Outcome in 268 Patients and a Review of the Literature (1992).
D.) Hepatosplenic Cat-Scratch Disease in Children: Selected Clinical Features and Treatment (1999).
E.) Intra-Nodal Injection of Gentamicin for the Treatment of Suppurated Cat Scratch Disease's Lymphadenitis (2016).
F.) Case Report: Treatment of Severe Neuroretinitis and Other Sequelae Associated With Cat Scratch Disease (2022). 

G.- Unusual Presentation of Cat Scratch Disease: Case Report(2024). 
H.- Disseminated Cat-Scratch Disease During Abatacept Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis in an Older Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature (2025). 
I.- Ocular complications of cat scratch disease (2020).  
J.- An autochthonous case of cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis not related to major immunosuppression: An emerging or overlooked disease? (2024). 

================================================================

1.) The Cat-Scratch Disease.
2.) Cat scratch disease: detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in archival biopsies from patients with clinically, serologically, and histologically defined disease. 
3.) [A case of cat scratch disease identified by an elevated Bartonella henselae antibody level using enzyme immunoassay] 
4.) Will the real agent of cat-scratch disease please stand up? 
5.) [Cat scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae] 
6.) Hypercalcemia due to endogenous overproduction of active vitamin D in identical twins with cat-scratch disease. 
7.) Cat-scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae: the first case report in Taiwan. 
8.) [Cat-scratch disease and other infections caused by Bartonella species] 
9.) Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens.
10.) [Bartonella henselae infection in immunocompetent patients: cat scratch disease] 
11.) Cat-scratch disease and related clinical syndromes. 
12.) Cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis. 
13.) Detection of antibodies to Bartonella henselae in clinically diagnosed cat scratch disease. 
14.) The expanding spectrum of Bartonella infections: II. Cat-scratch disease.
15.) Evaluation of serological response to Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana and 
Afipia felis antigens in 64 patients with suspected cat-scratch disease.
16.) [Cat scratch disease and associated infections] 
17.) Cat-scratch disease simulating Histiocytosis X. 
18.) [Atypical cat-scratch disease: a case report of splenic granulomatosis] 
19.) [2 patients with atypical manifestations of cat-scratch disease]
20.) [Visceral localizations of cat-scratch disease in an immunocompetent patient] 
21.) Serous retinal detachment of the macula associated with cat scratch disease. 
22.) Cat scratch disease in Greece. 
23.) Cat-scratch disease--an overlooked disease in Denmark?]
24.) Prolonged Bartonella bacteremia in cats associated with cat-scratch disease patients. 
25.) Application of polymerase chain reaction assay in the diagnosis of orbital granuloma complicating atypical oculoglandular cat scratch disease. 
26.) Systemic cat scratch disease: hepatic and splenic involvement about 3 pediatric cases. 
27.) Bartonella clarridgeiae, a newly recognized zoonotic pathogen causing inoculation papules, fever, and lymphadenopathy (cat scratch disease). 
28.) Coinfection with Bartonella clarridgeiae and Bartonella henselae and with different Bartonella henselae strains in domestic cats.
29.) [Cat-scratch disease: historical, clinical, phylogenetic and taxonomic aspects]
30.) Molecular diagnosis of cat scratch disease: a two-step approach.
31.) Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and a review of the literature.
32.) Successful treatment of cat-scratch disease with ciprofloxacin [see comments].
33.) Diverse Clinical Signs of Ocular Involvement in Cat Scratch Disease.
34.) Cat Scratch Disease: Expanded Spectrum.
35.) Dynamics of Co-Infection with Bartonella henselae Genotypes I and II in Naturally Infected Cats: Implications for Feline Vaccine Development.
36.)Bacillary angiomatosis with bone invasion.
37.) Molecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis.
38.) Corticosteroid Treatment for Prolonged Fever in Hepatosplenic Cat-Scratch Disease.
39.) Final Diagnosis in Patients Referred with a Diagnosis of Neuroretinitis.
40.) Disseminated cat-scratch disease: case report and review of the literature.
41.) Multiple Renal and Splenic Lesions in Cat Scratch Disease.
42.) Cat-Scratch Disease in the United States, 2005-2013. 43.) Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) from cats and dogs in New Zealand: Molecular characterisation, presence of Rickettsia felis and Bartonella clarridgeiae and comparison with Australia.
43.) Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) from cats and dogs in New Zealand: Molecular characterisation, presence of Rickettsia felis and Bartonella clarridgeiae and comparison with Australia.
 

===============================================================

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domingo, 9 de noviembre de 2025

MINOCYCLINE, ALZHEIMER'S, AND OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. / LA MINOCICLINA, EL ALZHEIMER, Y OTROS TRASTORNOS NEUROLOGICOS.




LA MINOCICLINA, NUEVOS USOS PARA UN VIEJO ANTIBIÓTICO, ACTUALIZACIÓN !!

 

THE MINOCYCLINE, NEW USES FOR AN OLD ANTIBIOTIC, UPDATE !! 



The Minocycline new uses, upadate

 

 


EDITORIAL ESPAÑOL
 ==================
 Hola de nuevo amigos DERMAGICOS, hoy con este interesante tema sobre la MINOCICLINA, NUEVOS USOS PARA UN VIEJO ANTIBIÓTICO.
 
La MINOCICLINA pertenece a la segunda generación de ciclinas, miembro de las tetraciclinas. Se sintetizó en 1967 por el laboratorio Lederle, y se comercializó en 1972;  descubierta por los investigadores James Boothe y Michael Martell Jr.

La Minociclina tiene una actividad anti infecciosa con un espectro similar al de otras ciclinas, especialmente contra Chlamydias, Treponema y Proprionibacterium acnes. Un  antiguo antibiótico que a través del tiempo se le han descubierto propiedades beneficiosas en algunas enfermedades que tal vez nunca imaginaste.

Esta publicación fue lanzada a la red a mediados del año 1999, bajo el titulo de LA MINOCICLINA, LO BUENO LO MALO Y LO FEO. A Esta medicina se le han descubierto propiedades beneficiosas en enfermedades para las cuales no fue creada ni lanzada el mercado, tal es el caso de la LEPRA, donde se describe su efecto BACTERICIDA sobre el Mycobacterium Leprae. 
 
Principalmente esta droga ha sido, fue y es usada para e tratamiento del acne. Pero poco a poco se fue extendiendo el rango de sus uso.
 
Hoy se las traigo actualizada, para llamar la atención de todos los lectores, en el sentido de que a esta ¨vieja¨ medicina, hoy dia se le describen propiedades antiinflamatorias y neuro-protectoras en enfermedades neurológicas, entre las que destacan la ENFERMEDAD DE ALZHEIMER y LA ESQUIZOFRENIA. (referencias 31 -53)

LO BUENO:
==========
 Este medicamento popular tiene efectos beneficiosos sobre enfermedades como:

 1.) LEPRA (MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE)
 2.) ESCLERODERMIA.
 3.) PÉNFIGO.
 4.) PIODERMA GANGRENOSO.
 5.) PENFIGOIDE CICATRICIAL
 6.) PAPILOMATOSIS RETICULADA.
 7.) ENFERMEDAD DE LYME (ERITEMA MIGRANS)
 8.) ACNE
 9.) CHLAMYDIA
 10.) TREPONEMA
 11.) MYCOBATERIUM KANSAII
 12.) NOCARDIOSIS PULMONAR.
 12.) BLASTOMICOSIS.
 13.) ARTRITIS REUMATOIDE.
 14.) QUISTES HEPÁTICOS y OTROS.

 Pero lo más interesante del tema sobre la MINOCICLINA es su uso en desórdenes necrológicos, descubriéndose efectos NEUROPROTECTORES. Se ha descubierto que la 
MINOCICLINA tiene efectos beneficiosos sobre:
-  La INFLAMACIÓN.
- La activación microglial.
- La muerte celular apoptótica en el SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL (SNC), y se utiliza en enfermedades tales como:

 1.) ENFERMEDAD DE ALZHEIMER.
 2.) ENFERMEDAD DE PARKINSON
 3.) ESCLEROSIS MÚLTIPLE.
 4.) TRASTORNOS BIPOLARES.
 5.) ESQUIZOFRENIA.
 6.) ENCEFALOMIELITIS AUTO-INMUNE.


 ¿Quién iba a pensar que este viejo antibiótico que tiene más de 40 años en el mercado, hoy está siendo utilizado en enfermedades como el 
ALZHEIMER y la ESQUIZOFRENIA.


La gran pregunta es ? podría utilizarse la minociclina para provocar NEUROPROTECCION, o mejorar el estado inflamatorio en estos desordenes neurológicos, a dosis minima para evitar efectos secundarios.? La única manera de saberlo es mediante mas estudios al respecto. 

También seria interesante conocer que nivel de NEUROPROTECCION desarrollaron aquellos pacientes que tomaron minociclina a largo plazo para el tratamiento del acne.


 LO MALO:
 =========
 Como todos los medicamentos la 
MINOCICLINA tiene sus efectos adversos, entre ellos destacan: 
 
4.) REACCIONES DE HIPERSENSIBILIDAD.
5.) ENFERMEDAD DEL SUERO-LIKE. (urticaria, fiebre, linfadenopatias, y dolores articulares).
6.) PERDIDA DE POTASIO (glóbulos rojos).
 
 LO FEO:
 =========
 
1.) HIPERPIGMENTACIÓN: es uno de los efectos secundarios mas frecuentes del uso de la MINOCICLINA, hecho que se ha reportado en, encías, huesos, cara, tiroides.
2.) INDUCCIÓN DE AUTO-ANTICUERPOS: (caso de psoriasis)
3.) OSTEOMA CUTIS HIPERPIGMENTADO: (post tratamiento de acne). 
4.) HIPERPLASIA NODULAR: (tiroides). 

El hecho mas resaltante de esta publicación, es que se descubren propiedades de un medicamento, YA OLVIDADO, en enfermedades DIFÍCILES de tratar como
LEPRA, ALZHEIMER y ESQUIZOFRENIA.
 
El TÍPICO EJEMPLO de lo presentado, ocurrió 40 años después con la IVERMECTINA, y la HIDROXICLOROQUINA, medicamentos ANTIPARASITARIOS, a los cuales se les descubrió  su efecto ANTIVIRAL, específicamente contra el VIRUS del SARS- COV-2.
 
De como un medicamento SINTETIZADO para una enfermedad especifica, y luego se le descubren otros efectos POSITIVOS, en otras enfermedades, ejemplos:
 
1.) SILDENAFIL (VIAGRA): Estudiado y probado como HIPOTENSOR, resulto un EXITO en la disfunción eréctil y luego su MOLÉCULA fue mejorada (VARDENAFIL Y TADALAFIL).
 
2.)  MINOXIDIL: también estudiado como HIPOTENSOR, los pacientes de ensayo presentaron  una HIPERVELLOSIDAD TOTAL en la cara: así nació su uso para la caída del CABELLO o ALOPECIA.
 
3.) FINASTERIDE: inventado para el tratamiento de la HIPERPLASIA PROSTATICA BENIGNA (HPB); se le descubrió que evitaba la caída del cabello: así nació la PROPECIA, y en noviembre 2024, salio al mercado la version TÓPICA, bajo el nombre de FINASTOPIC del laboratorio ISDIN. (España).
 
4.) IVERMECTINA: Inventado en los años 70 como ANTIPARASITARIO,  y ganador del premio NOBEL en el año 2015. Posteriormente en 2020 se comienza a usar en el tratamiento del COVID 19.
 
"LA FDA NO LA APROBÓ, pero ya hay estudios que demuestran que SI ES EFECTIVO, pero a las BIG PHARMA no les conviene que esto se sepa; pero para evitar conflictos de interés: HOY DIA NO ESTA APROBADA para su uso contra el SARS-COV-2."
 5. ) LA TALIDOMIDA: Lanzada al mercado en 1957 como medicamento para las nauseas y ansiedad en las mujeres EMBARAZADAS, con grandes efectos TERATOGÉNICOS (se sabia ?). Provoco una generación de niños "MUTILADOS" por un efecto llamado FOCOMELIA, descontinuada en 1961. Pero en 1998 volvió a ser lanzada al mercado por sus efectos beneficiosos en:
 
- La LEPRA (Reacción de Reversion).
- Varios tipos de CANCER.
- ERITEMA NODOSO.
- MIELOMA MULTIPLE.
- ENFERMEDAD DE BEHCET,.
- ESTOMATITIS AFTOSA RECURRENTE, y otras.
 
 Por ello, esta publicación (hoy actualizada), cuando la lance a la internet bajo el nombre ya mencionado: LA MINOCICLINA, LO BUENO, LO MALO Y LO FEOfue un éxito total, al punto que fue publicada en la REVISTA DE DERMATOLOGÍA  DE CHILE..., hoy dia, este antibiótico sigue mostrando NUEVAS  propiedades positivas.

Hoy dia la MINOCICLINA esta aprobada por la FDA para el tratamiento del acne, pero NO para el tratamiento de condiciones NEUROLOGICAS, en estos casos se utilizan como medicamentos "reutilizados".
 
La publicación original de este articulo la encuentras en este enlace: LA MINOCICLINA, LO BUENO LO MALO Y LO FEO.
  
Los hechos en estas 81 referencias !!

Saludos a todos !!!

 Dr. Jose Lapenta.
 Dr. Jose M. Lapenta. 



 EDITORIAL ENGLISH
 ==================
 
Hello again DERMAGIC friends, today with this interesting topic on the MINOCYCLINE, NEW USES FOR AN OLD ANTIBIOTIC.

MINOCYCLINE belongs to the second generation of cyclins, a member of the tetracycline group. It was synthesized in 1967 by the Lederle laboratory and marketed in 1972; it was discovered by researchers James Boothe and Michael Martell Jr.
 
MINOCYCLINE has an antiinfectious activity with a spectrum similar to that of other cyclines, notably against Chlamydias, Treponema and Proprionibacterium acnes, An old antibiotic that through time has been discovered beneficial properties in some diseases that perhaps you never imagined.

This publication was launched online in mid-1999, under the title: THE MINOCYCLINE, THE GOOD THE BAD AND THE UGLY. This medicine has been discovered beneficial properties in diseases for which was not created or launched to the market, such is the case of LEPROSY, which describes its BACTERICIDE effect On Mycobacterium Leprae. 
 
Mainly this drug has been, was and is used for acne treatment. But little Soon the range of its use was extended.

Today I bring you this update, to draw the attention of all readers in the sense that this "
OLD" medicine today is described anti-inflammatory and NEUROPROTECTIVE properties in neurological diseases, among Which highlight ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (References 31-53)
 
 
 THE GOOD:
 ==========
 
 This popular medication will have beneficial effects on disease like:
 
 1.) LEPROSY (MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE)
 2.) SCLERODERMA.
 3.) PEMPHIGUS.
 4.) PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM.
 5.) CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID.
 6.) RETICULATED PAPILLOMATOSIS.
 7.) LYME DISEASE (ERYTHEMA MIGRANS)
 8.) ACNE.
 9.) CHLAMYDIAS.
 10.) TREPONEMA.
 11.) MYCOBATERIUM KANSAII.
 12.) PULMONARY NOCARDIOSIS.
 12.) BLASTOMYCOSIS.
 13.) RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
 14.) HEPATIC CYSTS and OTHERS.
 
The most interesting of the subject on the MINOCYCLINE is its use in neorological disorders discovering NEUROPROTECTOR effects. Minocycline has been found to have beneficial effects on:
 
- Inflammation.
- Microglial activation.
- Nitric oxide production.
- Apoptotic cell death into the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS): and is being used in diseases such as:
 
 1.) ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE.
 2.) PARKINSON'S DISEASE
 3.) MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
 4.) BIPOLAR DISORDERS.
 5. SCHIZOPHRENIA.
 6.) AUTOINMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS.
 
 Who would have thought that this old antibiotic, which has been on the market for over 40 years, is now being used to treat diseases like ALZHEIMER'S and  SCHIZOPHRENIA?

The big question is: could MINOCYCLINE be used to induce NEUROPROTECTION, or improve the inflammatory state in these neurological disorders, at a minimal dose to avoid side effects? The only way to know is through further research.

It would also be interesting to know what level of neuroprotection developed in patients who took MINOCYCLINE long-term for acne treatment. 


 
 THE BAD:
 ==========
 As all medicines MINOCYCLINE have their adverse effects, Among them:
 
1.) AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS.
2.) LUPUS-LIKE SYNDROME IN PATIENTS TREATED FOR ACNE.
3.) EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIA.
4.) SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.
4.) HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS.
5.) SERUM SICKNESS-LIKE SYNDROME (URTICARIA, FEVER, LYMPHADENOPATHY, AND JOINT PAIN).
6.) POTASSIUM LOSS (RED BLOOD CELLS).
 
 
THE UGLY:
 ==========

1.) HYPERPIGMANTATION: This is one of the most frequent side effects of minocycline use, and has been reported in the gums, bones, face, and thyroid.
2.) INDUCTION OF AUTOANTIBODIES: (in cases of psoriasis)
3.) HYPERPIGMENTED OSTEOMA CUTIS: (post-acne treatment)
4.) NODULAR HYPERPLASIA: (thyroid)
 
 The most remarkable aspect of this publication is the discovery of properties of a "LONG-FORGOTTEN" drug in difficult-to-treat diseases such as LEPROSY, ALZHEIMER'S, and SCHIZOPHRENIA.
 
A TYPICAL example of this occurred 40 years later, with IVERMECTIN and HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE, ANTIPARASITICS drugs, which were found to have an ANTIVIRAL effect, specifically against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

This illustrates how a drug synthesized for a specific disease can LATER be found to have other positive effects in other diseases. Examples include:

1.) SILDENAFIL (Viagra): Studied and tested as an antihypertensive, it proved successful in treating erectile dysfunction, and its molecule was later improved (vardenafil and tadalafil).

2.) MINOXIDIL: also studied as an HYPOTENSIVE, trial patients presented with TOTAL HYPERVILLOUSNESS on the face: this led to its use for HAIR LOSS or ALOPECIA.

3.) FINASTERIDE: invented for the treatment of BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH); it was discovered that it prevented hair loss: this led to the development of PROPECIA, and in November 2024, the TOPICAL version, under the name FINASTOPIC, was launched by the ISDIN laboratory (Spain).

4.) IVERMECTIN: Invented in the 1970s as an antiparasitic, and winner of the Nobel Prize in 2015. It was subsequently used in the treatment of COVID-19 in 2020.

"THE FDA DIS NOT APPROVE IT", but there are already studies that demonstrate that it IS effective. However, Big Pharma doesn't want this to be known; but to avoid conflicts of interest: TODAY IT IS NOT APPROVED for use against SARS-CoV-2."


5.) THALIDOMIDE: Launched in 1957 as a medication for nausea and anxiety in pregnant women, with significant TERATOGENIC effects (was this known?). It caused a generation of children "MUTILATED" by an effect called PHOCOMELIA, and was discontinued in 1961. But in 1998, it was relaunched due to its beneficial effects on:

- LEPROSY (Reversal Reaction).
- Various types of CANCER.
- ERYTHEMA NODOSUM.
- MULTIPLE MYELOMA.
- BECETH'S DISEASE.
- RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
, and others.

Therefore, this publication (now updated), when I launched it online under the aforementioned title: MINOCYCLINE, THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY, was a complete success, to the point that it was published in the CHILEAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY... Today, this antibiotic continues to show NEW positive properties. 
 

Today, MINOCYCLINE is FDA-approved for the treatment of acne, but NOT for the treatment of NEUROLOGICAL conditions; in these cases, it is used as a "repurposed" drug.
 
The original publication of this article can be found at this link: MINOCYCLINE, THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY. 

The facts in these 81 references !!
 
 greetings to all !!!
 
 Dr. Jose Lapenta. 
 Dr. Jose M. Lapenta.


 

====================================================================== REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS / BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
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A.- Minocycline as Treatment for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023). 
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1.) Superior antibacterial action and reduced incidence of bacterial
resistance in minocycline compared to tetracycline-treated acne patients.
2.) Tetracycline-resistant propionibacteria from acne patients are
cross-resistant to doxycycline, but sensitive to minocycline.
3.) Research letters : Minocycline in early diffuse scleroderma
4.) Minocycline in lepromatous leprosy.
5.) Efficacy of minocycline in single dose and at 100 mg twice daily for
lepromatous leprosy.
6.) Field trial on efficacy of supervised monthly dose of 600 mg rifampin,
400 mg ofloxacin and 100 mg minocycline for the treatment of leprosy; first
results.
7.) Bactericidal activity of a single-dose combination of ofloxacin plus
minocycline, with or without rifampin, against Mycobacterium leprae in mice
and in lepromatous patients.
8.) Efficacy of single dose multidrug therapy for the treatment of
single-lesion paucibacillary leprosy. Single-lesion Multicentre Trial Group.
9.) Bactericidal activity of single dose of clarithromycin plus
minocycline, with or without ofloxacin, against Mycobacterium leprae in
patients.
10.) WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy.
11.) Experimental evaluation of possible new short-term drug regimens for treatment of multibacillary leprosy.
12.) Powerful bactericidal activities of clarithromycin and minocycline against Mycobacterium leprae in lepromatous leprosy.
13.) Minocycline is a useful adjuvant therapy for pemphigus.
14.) Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis: response to minocycline.
15.) Minocycline treatment for confluent and reticulated papillomatosis.
16.) No detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific DNA in erythema migrans lesions after minocycline treatment.
17.) Minimizing cicatricial pemphigoid orodynia with minocycline.
18.) Response of atypical bullous pyoderma gangrenosum to oral minocycline
hydrochloride and topical steroids.
19.) Blastomycosis-like pyoderma--report of a case responsive to combination therapy utilizing minocycline and carbon dioxide laser debridement.
20.) A sporotrichoid-like Mycobacterium kansasii infection of the skin treated with minocycline hydrochloride.
21.) Primary lymphocutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum:
the first case report from Japan.
22.) Minocycline treatment of pulmonary nocardiosis.
23.) Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis. A 48-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. MIRA Trial Group [see comments]
24.) Minocycline prevents the decrease in bone mineral density and trabecular bone in ovariectomized aged rats.
25.) Minocycline and cefotaxime in the treatment of experimental murine Vibrio vulnificus infection.
26.) The role of minocycline in the treatment of intracranial 9L glioma. 
27.) Evaluation of the long-term efficacy and safety of locally-applied minocycline in adult periodontitis patients.
28.) Clinical and microbiological effects of minocycline-loaded, microcapsules in adult periodontitis.
29.) The broad-spectrum activity and efficacy of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin.
30.) Symptomatic hepatic cysts: treatment with single-shot injection of minocycline hydrochloride
 
31.) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of minocycline in schizophrenia.
32.) Adjunctive minocycline for schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
33.) Minocycline as an adjunct for treatment-resistant depressive symptoms: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial.
34.) Minocycline and aspirin in the treatment of bipolar depression: a protocol for a proof-of-concept, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2x2 clinical trial.
35.) Interferon β-secreting mesenchymal stem cells combined with minocycline attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
36.) Glatiramer acetate in combination with minocycline in patients with relapsing--remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a Canadian, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
37.) The Anti-Inflammatory Role of Minocycline in Alzheimer´s Disease.
38.) Discovering new treatments for Alzheimer's disease by repurposing approved medications.
39.) Minocycline alleviates beta-amyloid protein and tau pathology via restraining neuroinflammation induced by diabetic metabolic disorder.
40.) Anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative mechanisms of minocycline against sphingomyelinase/ceramide neurotoxicity: implication in Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia.
41.) Clinical potential of minocycline for schizophrenia.
42.) The potential of minocycline for neuroprotection in human neurologic disease.
43.) Minocycline neuroprotects, reduces microglial activation, inhibits caspase 3 induction, and viral replication following Japanese encephalitis.
44.) The antibiotics doxycycline and minocycline inhibit the inflammatory responses to the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
45.)[Minocycline].

46.) Minocycline attenuates neuronal cell death and improves cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease models.
 47.) Minocycline and neurodegenerative diseases.
48.) Minocycline attenuates Aβ oligomers-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in primary microglia while enhancing Aβ fibrils phagocytosis.
49) Discovering new treatments for Alzheimer's disease by repurposing approved medications.
50.) Anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative mechanisms of minocycline against sphingomyelinase/ceramide neurotoxicity: implication in Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia.
 51.) Minocycline corrects early, pre-plaque neuroinflammation and inhibits BACE-1 in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease-like amyloid pathology.
 52.) Reductions in amyloid-beta-derived neuroinflammation, with minocycline, restore cognition but do not significantly affect tau hyperphosphorylation.
 53.) Minocycline may be useful to prevent/treat postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients.
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1.) Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus
erythematosus-like syndrome [see comments]
2.) Minocycline and Lupuslike Syndrome in Acne Patients
3.) Minocycline-induced lupus.
4.) Minocycline related lupus.
5.) Acute hepatitis and drug-related lupus induced by minocycline treatment.
6.) Minocycline-induced pneumonitis with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
and pleural effusion.
7.) Comparative safety of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline.
8.) Serious adverse reactions induced by minocycline. Report of 13
patients and review of the literature.
9.) [Side effects of minocycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris]
10.) Serious dermatologic reactions in children.
11.) Serum sickness-like syndrome associated with minocycline therapy.
12.) Minocycline-induced loss of potassium from erythrocytes:
identification of a family with an augmented response.
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13.) Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation in leprosy.
14.) Psoriatic arthritis and minocycline induced autoantibodies.
15.) Minocycline hydrochloride hyperpigmentation complicating treatment of
pyoderma gangrenosum.
16.) Minocycline-induced oral pigmentation.
17.) Nodular hyperplasia, black thyroid, and chronic minocycline ingestion
in a teenager.
18.) Black bones following long-term minocycline treatment.
19.) Pigmented postacne osteoma cutis in a patient treated with
minocycline: report and review of the literature.
20.) ANA (+) ANCA (+) systemic vasculitis associated with the use of minocycline: case-based review.
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