SCABIES AND GENETICS, ITCHES TO ME AND NOT TO YOU, SOME RELATIONSHIP.? / ESCABIOSIS Y GENETICA PORQUE HAY COMEZON EN ALGUNAS PERSONAS Y OTRAS NO, ALGUNA RELACION ?

Scabies and genetics, itches to me, and not to you, some relationship. ?

Escabiosis y genetica, me pica a mi y no a ti, alguna relacion. ? 

EDITORIAL ENGLISH
=================
Hello Friends of the net, today's topic: THE SCABIES AND THE GENETICS, SOME RELATIONSHIP ???. If I tell you that a relationship exists between the vulgar and common
SCABIES and the susceptibility to suffer it I would HAVE to convince you. In some of these bibliographical references it is captured that studies have been made where a susceptibility has been demonstrated statistically significant among the Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens and the SCABIES, and in the two studies the associate antigen was the SAME one. 

In others the immunologic paper of the organism is important factor in the behavior of the illness and its clinical manifestations. At the end a REVIEW of those already therapies well-known lindane, crotamiton, permethrin and the one FASHION and popular IVERMECTIN.
 
Who would have thought that we have a predisposition for that BUG to mount us ???

Lindane was removed from the market for demonstrating high toxicity for both humans and animals and vegetation between years 2001, 2005 and 2009. However there I put a study of the year 2,015 where lindane is compared with permethrin reporting little adverse effects in humans Studied. (28)

One of the causes of the perpetuation of SCABIES over the centuries is that not all sufferers develop symptoms, some cause them a great itcht in the body especially at night, and others do not develop any type of symptomatology, becoming carriers, and if they do not do the treatment they transmit it to other people. The means of contagion usually is a bed, cloth, and intimate contact. The parasite exists since the world is world.

In the photos: the mite (microscopic), the eggs, the shit (caca) and lesions in hands and genitals in a child. In the other photo you can see the tunnels or furrows that make the mites in the skin. A couple, female and male are mounted on the skin and reproduce in the follicles, so with each passing day, the itching increases, as the number of mites increases. Scabies itch a lot at night, because the parasite goes into "activity"...so

Without forgetting the adage: "Scabies with taste does not itch...and if itch it does not mortify..." remember that if you do not treat yourself and the whole family and do a good cleaning with warmth of beds and own clothes, including mattress and pillows ... you will not get free from the bug...!

In the 28 references, the facts,,, 

Greetings to ALL, !!
 
Dr. Jose Lapenta .,,, 
Dr, Jose M, Lapenta

EDITORIAL ESPANOL
=================
Hola Amigos de la red, el tema de hoy: LA ESCABIOSIS Y LA GENETICA, ALGUNA RELACION ???. Si yo les dijese que existe una relacion entre la vulgar y comun SARNA y la predisposicion a padecerla TENDRIA que convencerlos. 

Pues en algunas de estas referencias bibliograficas queda plasmado que se han hecho estudios donde se ha demostrado una susceptibilidad estadisticamente significativa entre los antigenos de histocompatibilidad (HLA) y la ESCABIOSIS, y en los dos estudios el antigeno asociado fue el MISMO. En otras el papel inmunologico del organismo es factor importante en el comportamiento de la enfermedad y sus manifestaciones clinicas. 

Al final un REPASO de las ya terapias conocidas lindano, crotamiton, permetrin y el ultimo grito de la MODA el popular IVERMECTIN.
 
Quien iba a pensar que tenemos una predisposicion para que ese BICHITO se nos monte ??? 

El lindano fue sacado del mercado por demostrarse alta toxicidad tanto para el humano como animales y vegetacion entre los años 2001, 2005 y 2009. Sin embargo alli les pongo un estudio del año 2.015 donde se compara lindano con permetrin reportandose escasos efectos adversos en los humanos estudiados.(28)

Una de las causas de la perpetuacion de la SARNA a traves de los siglos, es que no todos los afectados desarrollan sintomas, a unos les da gran comezon en el cuerpo sobre todo de noche, y otros no desarrollan ningun tipo de sintomatologia, convirtiendose en portadores sanos, y si no hacen el tratamiento lo transmiten a otras personas. El medio de contagio por lo general es una cama, las telas,y contacto intimo. EL parasito existe desde que el mundo es mundo.

En las fotos: el acaro (es microscopico), los huevos, el pupu (caca) y lesiones en manos y genitales en un niño. En la otra se aprecian los tuneles o surcos que hacen los acaros en la epidermis. Se montan en la piel una pareja, hembra y varon y se reproducen en los foliculos de la piel, por ello cada dia que pasa, la comezon aumenta, al aumentar el numero de acaros. La sarna pica mucho en las noches, porque el parasito entra en "actividad"... de modo que

Sin dejar de recordar el viejo adagio que dice: "sarna con gusto no pica... y si pica no mortifica"... recuerda que si no te tratas edecuadamente tu y toda la familia y haces una buena limpieza con calor de ropas de camas y propias, incluyendo colchon y almohadas... no te liberaras del parasito ...
En las 28 referencias, los hechos,,,

Saludos a todos !!!

Dr. Jose Lapenta .,,, 

Dr, Jose M, Lapenta

===================================================================
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS / BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
===================================================================
1.) Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in Egyptians with two parasitic skin diseases (scabies and leishmaniasis).
2.) The immunology of scabies.
3.) HLA antigens in patients with scabies.
4.) Immunoglobulin and complement deposits in the skin and circulating immune complexes in scabies.
5.) The immunology of scabies.
6.) Serum IgE before and after treatment for scabies.
7.) Cutaneous histiocytosis with Langerhans cell features induced by scabies: a case report.
8.) Skin test and radioallergosorbent test characteristics of scabietic patients.
9.) In vitro demonstration of specific immunological hypersensitivity to scabies mite.
10.) A DNA fingerprinting system for the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei.
11.) The behaviour of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis in human skin: an ultrastructural study.
12.) Immunohistopathological status of the skin in cases infested with three species of mites.
13.) Scabietic nodules: a dermatopathologic and immunofluorescent study.
14.) Immunologic cross-reactivity among various strains of Sarcoptes scabiei.
15.) Can house dust mite-triggered atopic dermatitis be alleviated using acaricides?
16.) Epiluminescence microscopy. A new approach to in vivo detection of Sarcoptes scabiei.
17.)[Ivermectin and tropical dermatoses]
18.) Success of a scabies control program in an Australian aboriginal community.
19.) Equivalent therapeutic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and lindane in the treatment of human scabies.
20.) The treatment of scabies with ivermectin.
21.) Epidemiology and control of scabies in an Egyptian village.
22.) Crusted scabies in two immunocompromised children: successful treatment with oral ivermectin.
23.) Treatment of scabies with ivermectin.
24.) Efficacy and tolerance of oral ivermectin in scabies.
25.) Norwegian scabies in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
26.) Ivermectin for Sarcoptes scabiei hyperinfestation.
27.) Crusted scabies of the scalp in dermatomyositis patients: three cases treated with oral ivermectin.
=================================================================
1.) Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in Egyptians with two parasitic skin
diseases (scabies and leishmaniasis).
=================================================================
J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1990 Dec;20(2):565-72

Morsy TA, Romia SA, al-Ganayni GA, Abu-Zakham AA, al-Shazly AM, Rezk RA
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

The frequency of human leucocytic antigens (HLA) were studied in 62
patients with scabies and 27 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis to
evaluate the role of HLA antigens as genetic markers in the pathogenesis of
these parasitic skin diseases. A significant statistical association was
proved between HLA-A11 antigen and scabies and between HLA-A11, -B5 and -B7
antigens and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis.

=================================================================
2.) The immunology of scabies.
=================================================================
Ann Allergy 1983 Dec;51(6):560-6

Dahl MV
Scabies is an inflammatory skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes
scabiei. The mite itself provokes little dermatitis. The rash and itch
associated with scabies is probably a manifestation of immune response. The
immune response may help to limit the number of infesting organisms either
directly by toxic products generated during the reaction or indirectly by
evoking scratch. Critical studies using purified antigens from scabies
mites in vivo and in vitro will be necessary in order to clarify the nature
of the antigens involved and the role of different types of immune
responses in producing clinical disease.

=================================================================
3.) HLA antigens in patients with scabies.
=================================================================
Br J Dermatol 1981 Mar;104(3):317-20

Falk ES, Thorsby E
Sixty patients with scabies were typed for thirty-three antigens of the
HLA-A, -B and -C series. A significantly increased frequency was found for
HLA-AII (28.3%), compared to healthy controls (10.4%). This deviation was
only found in those of the patients without signs of atopic disease.

=================================================================
4.) Immunoglobulin and complement deposits in the skin and circulating
immune complexes in scabies.
=================================================================
ARTICLE SOURCE: Acta Derm Venereol (Sweden), 1982, 62(1) p73-6
AUTHOR(S): Salo OP; Reunala T; Kalimo K; Rantanen T
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL ARTICLE
ABSTRACT: Sixteen patients with papulovesicular, 6 with nodular and one
with a Norwegian scabies were studied. Direct immunofluorescence (IF)
examination revealed C3 deposits in the skin lesions of 13 of the 18
patients. Among them were all 6 cases with nodular scabies. C3 was found
mostly in dermal vessel walls and 3 of the patients also showed IgM and 2
IgA deposits at the same site. No circulating immune complexes were found,
with a solid-phase C1q radioimmunoassay (RIA), but HSV- and RSV-RIA methods
detected IgM antibodies of rheumatoid factor type in 5 of the 15 sera
examined. These results suggest that local complement activation and
perhaps also immune complex deposition may by important in the pathogenesis
of the papular and nodular skin lesions of human scabies.

=================================================================
5.) The immunology of scabies.
=================================================================
ARTICLE SOURCE: Semin Dermatol (United States), Mar 1993, 12(1) p15-21
AUTHOR(S): Cabrera R; Agar A; Dahl MV
AUTHOR'S ADDRESS: Department of Dermatology, University of Chile School of
Medicine, Santiago.
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW (52 references); REVIEW, TUTORIAL
ABSTRACT: Individuals with scabies react to bites by generating a
cell-mediated immune response at the bite site. This elicits a very itchy
papule that is often excoriated. Sometimes ulcerated papules, vasculitis,
and nodules develop as a result of other immunologic reactions in skin.
Immunologic reactions mediated by antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG),
IgM, and especially, IgE classes may also be involved. None of these
reactions have been shown to eliminate all mites from the skin surface, but
locally these reactions may prevent the epidemic multiplication of scabies'
organisms on the skin surface, as observed in some patients with crusted
scabies.

=================================================================
6.) Serum IgE before and after treatment for scabies.
=================================================================
ARTICLE SOURCE: Allergy (Denmark), Apr 1981, 36(3) p167-74
AUTHOR(S): Falk ES
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL ARTICLE
ABSTRACT: In 120 patients, treated for scabies infection, the serum IgE
concentrations fell from high levels in 54 and normal levels in 66 to lower
levels 12 months after treatment. The specific IgE antibodies to
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (RAST) were also reduced 12 months after
treatment. The decrease in both IgE concentrations and IgE antibodies was
most conspicuous in non-atopic patients. These findings confirm previous
observations of specific immunological hypersensitivity to scabies mite,
and that scabies infection stimulates the production of IgE antibodies.

=================================================================
7.) Cutaneous histiocytosis with Langerhans cell features induced by
scabies: a case report.
=================================================================
ARTICLE SOURCE: Pediatr Dermatol (United States), Dec 1994, 11(4) p327-30
AUTHOR(S): Talanin NY; Smith SS; Shelley ED; Moores WB
AUTHOR'S ADDRESS: Division of Dermatology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo
43699-0008.
INDEXING CHECK TAG(S): Case Report; Human; Male
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL ARTICLE
ABSTRACT: An infant with biopsy-proven scabies developed nodular lesions.
Histopathology revealed atypical histiocytes with Langerhans cell features.
Within six months after treatment all skin lesions gradually disappeared.
We suggest that the nodules in scabies can be due to Langerhans cell
proliferation.

=================================================================
8.) Skin test and radioallergosorbent test characteristics of scabietic
patients.
=================================================================
Morgan MS; Arlian LG; Estes SA
Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
45435,
USA.
Am J Trop Med Hyg (UNITED STATES) Aug 1997 57 (2) p190-6 ISSN: 0002-9637
Contract/Grant No.: AI-17252--AI--NIAID
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Journal Announcement: 9711
Subfile: AIM; INDEX MEDICUS
The scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei and the Dermatophagoides house dust
mites (HDM)
are related phylogenetically and are the sources of several cross-reactive
antigens.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune response to S.
scabiei and
HDM in scabietic patients. Skin test sensitivity and serum IgE to both S.
scabiei
and HDM were determined for patients who had or previously had confirmed
ordinary
scabies. A retrospective group included nine subjects who had received
successful
treatment three weeks to one year prior to the study. A prospective group
included
16 subjects with active scabies. Allergic histories were obtained, serum was
collected, and skin prick tests (SPTs) were performed at enrollment for all
and
periodically over the next 12 months for the prospective patients. None of
the
individuals in either group reported a known sensitivity to HDM. Six of
the nine
retrospective patients were SPT positive to both S. scabiei and HDM and two
of these
showed circulating IgE specific for these antigens. At diagnosis, 13 of 16
patients
with active scabies were SPT positive to S. scabiei and 12 of these were
also SPT
and/or radioallergosorbent test positive to HDM. Six patients had
circulating IgE
directed at both S. scabiei and HDM antigens while one subject had IgE to
S. scabiei
only and another had IgE directed at HDM only. Twelve of the 15 subjects
tested also
showed IgE and/or IgG binding to one or more bands on Western blots of an
S. scabiei-
specific protein fraction. This study indicated that approximately half of
the
patients with active scabies had S. scabiei- and HDM-specific circulating
IgE while
most patients cured of scabies lacked S. scabiei- and HDM-specific serum
IgE. The
data also suggested that antibodies to S. scabiei in scabietic patients also
recognize HDM; however, some antibodies were directed at scabies-specific
antigens.

=================================================================
9.) In vitro demonstration of specific immunological hypersensitivity to
scabies mite.
=================================================================
ARTICLE SOURCE: Br J Dermatol (England), Oct 1980, 103(4) p367-73
AUTHOR(S): Falk ES; Bolle R
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL ARTICLE
ABSTRACT: An extract prepared from 200 adult female scabies mites was used
for prick and intracutaneous testing in twelve patients with previous
scabies infestation, as well as in six healthy controls and three persons
with skin sensitivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus who had never had
scabies before. Seven individuals who had had scabies less than a year
prior to the testing had positive intracutaneous (immediate type)
reactions, whereas all the five who had had scabies more than a year before
had negative reactions. The prick tests were negative in all cases. No skin
reactions could be evoked in the controls. The passive transfer, or
Prausnitz-Kustner, test was positive with the scabies mite extract and
serum from three of five patients tested on one healthy individual, and
with both of two sera tested on a second healthy individual. These findings
indicate that immediate type hypersensitivity reactions may occur with
scabies infection.

=================================================================
10.) A DNA fingerprinting system for the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei.
=================================================================
Walton SF; Currie BJ; Kemp DJ
Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia.
shelley@menzies.su.edu.au
Mol Biochem Parasitol (NETHERLANDS) Apr 1997 85 (2) p187-96 ISSN:
0166-6851
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Journal Announcement: 9709
Subfile: INDEX MEDICUS
We describe multiple hypervariable microsatellites that will provide a
highly
informative genetic marker system for the sarcoptid mite Sarcoptes scabiei.
Eighteen
positive clones containing the highly repetitive sequence (GA)n were
isolated from a
partial genomic library of S. scabiei. Ten of these clones were
characterised by
sequencing and primers were designed from the unique sequences flanking eight
microsatellite loci. Genomic DNA was subsequently extracted from
individual mites
and the repeat blocks were amplified by way of [gamma 33P] ATP end-labelled
polymerase chain reaction. Fragment length polymorphisms were revealed in
three of
the loci when resolved on polyacrylamide sequencing gels. The high levels
of allelic
variability demonstrated between individual mites enable these three loci
to form a
DNA fingerprinting system that will be suitable for epidemiological and
taxonomic
studies both within and between host species.

=================================================================
11.) The behaviour of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis in human skin: an
ultrastructural study.
=================================================================
Fimiani M; Mazzatenta C; Alessandrini C; Paccagnini E; Andreassi L
Department of Dermatology, University of Siena, Italy.
J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol (ITALY) Jan 1997 29 (1) p105-13 ISSN:
0022-4782
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Journal Announcement: 9706
Subfile: INDEX MEDICUS
The biology of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis is poorly understood
because of the
lack of an in vivo or in vitro propagation system. To obtain more
information on the
mite behaviour in its natural habitat we conducted an ultrastructural study
of
burrows in a number of patients with common scabies. Scanning electron
microscopy
furnished attractive images of the tunnel, parasite body and eggs
architecture and
demonstrated the presence of holes in the tunnel roof probably representing
aeration
structures. Transmission electron microscopy showed a marked keratinocyte
damage
around burrowing mites, well evident ahead of the mite capitulum also.
Faecal
pellets containing keratinocyte micro-organelles (melanosomes and
mitochondria) were
documented in posterior midgut. For the first time we disclosed the adhesion
mechanism of eggs to the burrow floor. We showed that the typical
finger-like
projections of the outer layer of the egg shell gradually disappear where
the eggs
are in contact with the tunnel floor. This allows the inner layer of the
egg shell
to fuse and stick with the damaged keratinocytes lining the tunnel floor.
Our
observation substantiates that Sarcoptes scabiei produces a proteolytic
substance
(salivary secretions?) that has a key role in its life cycle allowing
burrowing,
feeding and eggs-burrow adhesion.

=================================================================
12.) Immunohistopathological status of the skin in cases infested with
three species of mites.
=================================================================
Yassien NA; Ghoraba HM; Doghaim NN; Afify EM
Department of Parasitology, Faculty
J Egypt Soc Parasitol (EGYPT) Dec 1996 26 (3) p567-73 ISSN: 0253-5890
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Journal Announcement: 9704
Subfile: INDEX MEDICUS
This study was performed on eighty patients with clinical manifestations
of scabies.
Sarcoptes scabiei adult or larva was isolated from 39 patients (48.8%).
Dermanyssus
gallinae (red poultry mite) and Dermatophagoides sp. were isolated from 6
and 5
patients respectively. Punch biopsies were taken from the patients,
stained with
haematoxylin and eosin and direct immunofluorescence stain to study the
immunopathological status of the skin infested with three species of mites.
The
results declared that the pathological changes and the immunoglobulin
deposition in
the skin were nearly similar regardless of the type of the causative mite
with the
except of the presence of burrows in Sarcoptes scabiei.

=================================================================
13.) Scabietic nodules: a dermatopathologic and immunofluorescent study.
=================================================================
ARTICLE SOURCE: J Cutan Pathol (Denmark), Apr 1992, 19(2) p124-7
AUTHOR(S): Liu HN; Sheu WJ; Chu TL
AUTHOR'S ADDRESS: Department of Dermatology, Veterans General
Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
PUBLICATION TYPE: JOURNAL ARTICLE
ABSTRACT: Mites and their eggs were thought to be rarely found in nodular
lesions of scabies. However, serial sections from 27 scabietic scrotal
papules or nodules revealed mite parts in 22% (6/27). This supports the
contention that scabietic nodules may result from persisting antigens of
mite parts. In contrast to previous studies, vasculitis with fibrinoid
degeneration was uncommon (3/27) in our series. This discrepancy may be due
to the timing of the biopsies: 2 of 3 cases with vasculitis were associated
with diffuse dense infiltration, and vasculitis may be a late event in the
development of scabietic nodules. The specificity of immunoreactant
deposits along the epidermodermal junction (EDJ) in scabies is
controversial. In our study, direct immunofluorescence (DIF) was performed
on 13 scabietic nodules. Four (31%) showed immunoreactants at the EDJ and
two on blood vessels. Because of the relatively low positive rate, the low
intensity of fluorescence, and 3 of 4 cases with positive immunoreactants
having only a single class of immunoglobulin, the deposition may only be
secondary to inflammation instead of a specific type II immunologic
reaction to scabies.

=================================================================
14.) Immunologic cross-reactivity among various strains of Sarcoptes scabiei.
=================================================================
AU: Arlian-LG; Morgan-MS; Arends-JJ
AD: Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton,
Ohio 45435, USA.
SO: J-Parasitol. 1996 Feb; 82(1): 66-72
ISSN: 0022-3395
PY: 1996
LA: ENGLISH
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Varieties of Sarcoptes scabiei from different hosts are highly host
specific but they are morphologically indistinguishable. The purpose of
this study was to investigate the immunologic cross-reactivity among
several varieties of scabies mites using serum from a human scabies patient
and from several other species of infested hosts. Homologous and
heterologous crossed-immunoelectrophoretic (CIE) analysis of extracts
prepared from var. canis (dog) and var. suis (pig) mites yielded very
similar antigen profiles. Serum from a human patient infested with var.
hominis had circulating IgE that bound to antigens present in extracts
prepared from each animal mite variety. Antigen homology was further
confirmed by fused peaks on tandem CIE. Additionally, sodium dodecyl
sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/immunoblot analysis showed that
the 2 extracts contained proteins that bound antibody in serum from a var.
suis-infested pig, a var. canis-infested dog, var. canis-infested rabbits,
and a var. hominis-infested human. The results of this study clearly
indicate that different varieties of scabies mites, though host specific,
introduce some immunologically cross-reactive molecules into the host.
However, each serum from the 4 scabies-infested hosts also contained
antibody that was specific for proteins in extract from only 1 variety of
mite. These data indicated that each variety of scabies introduced some
unique molecules into the host, each strain produced some similar
molecules, or both, but different hosts responded immunologically to
different sets of these.

=================================================================
15.) Can house dust mite-triggered atopic dermatitis be alleviated using
acaricides?
=================================================================
Cameron MM
Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical
Medicine,
U.K.
Br J Dermatol (ENGLAND) Jul 1997 137 (1) p1-8 ISSN: 0007-0963
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
Journal Announcement: 9711
Subfile: INDEX MEDICUS
House dust mite (HDM) allergens are the most important triggers for atopic
dermatitis. Reducing exposure to these allergens may alleviate clinical
symptoms.
Chemicals with acaricidal activity have been used to treat upholstered
furniture,
carpets and bedding with the aim to reduce HDM allergen exposure. These
chemicals,
by reducing HDM, can decrease the concentration of mite allergens in dust but
improvements in clinical symptoms are not always apparent. Clinical
improvement is
more likely to occur if bedding has been treated rather than carpets and
upholstery.
Future control strategies should be aimed at treating bedding. Permethrin
is a very
efficient killer of mites. It is used topically to treat scabies and head
lice and
is impregnated in bed nets to prevent mosquito bites. Even when applied to
the skin
in high concentrations, it has a very low toxicity in humans and other
mammals.
Permethrin-impregnated bedding may prove to be the best control method in the
treatment of HDM allergen-triggered atopic conditions. (93 References)

=================================================================
16.) Epiluminescence microscopy. A new approach to in vivo detection of
Sarcoptes
scabiei.
=================================================================
Argenziano G; Fabbrocini G; Delfino M
Clinic of Dermatology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy.
Arch Dermatol (UNITED STATES) Jun 1997 133 (6) p751-3 ISSN: 0003-987X
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
Journal Announcement: 9709
Subfile: AIM; INDEX MEDICUS
BACKGROUND: The usual methods of scabies diagnosis include microscopic
identification of the mites and their eggs and feces in skin scrapings. In
many
cases, the results of microscopic examination can be negative owing to the
low number
of parasites present in the cornified layer. Epiluminescence microscopy
(ELM) is an
in vivo technique that allows a detailed inspection of the skin, from the
surface to
the superficial papillary dermis. This is where the scabies mite lives.
In this
study, we evaluate the applicability and the usefulness of ELM for in vivo
diagnosis
of scabies. OBSERVATIONS: Sixty-five (93%) of 70 cases of scabies showed
small,
dark, triangular structures at the sites examined with ELM. A subtle
linear segment
seen below the base of the triangle was made visible by the presence of
small air
bubbles. Together, both structures resembled a jet with contrail. On
traditional
microscopic examination of the scrapings, we verified that the triangular
structure
corresponded to the pigmented anterior section of the mite in all cases.
The linear
segment observed on ELM was thought to be the burrow of the mite along with
its eggs
and fecal pellets. The cases in which the results of a first ELM
examination were
negative demonstrated positive results on a second ELM examination carried
out 20
days later. CONCLUSION: Epiluminescence microscopy is a very useful tool
for in vivo
diagnosis of scabies because it permits Sarcoptes scabiei detection in only
a few
minutes, with no discomfort to the patient and with a very low number of
false-
negative results.

=================================================================
17.)[Ivermectin and tropical dermatoses]
Ivermectine et dermatoses tropicales.
=================================================================
Caumes E
Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Groupe hospitalier Pitie-
Salp.ANG.etriere, Paris.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot (FRANCE) 1997 90 (1) p37-8
Language: FRENCH Summary Language: ENGLISH
Document Type:
JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL English Abstract
Journal Announcement: 9710
Subfile: INDEX MEDICUS
Among tropical dermatoses, the main indications of ivermectine are tropical
parasitoses such as filariasis and cosmopolitan diseases due to
ectoparasites such as
scabies. The efficacy and tolerance of ivermectine in filariasis
(onchocerciasis,
lymphatic filariasis, loiasis) have been the topic of numerous articles and
reviews.
More recent studies showed that ivermectin was also efficient in the
therapy of
scabies, cutaneous larva migrans and larva currens. (17 References)

=================================================================
18.) Success of a scabies control program in an Australian aboriginal
community.
=================================================================
Carapetis JR; Connors C; Yarmirr D; Krause V; Currie BJ
Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
jonc@menzies.su.edu.au
Pediatr Infect Dis J (UNITED STATES) May 1997 16 (5) p494-9 ISSN:
0891-3668
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Journal Announcement: 9710
Subfile: INDEX MEDICUS
OBJECTIVE: To adapt, implement and evaluate a model of scabies control in
an
Australian Aboriginal community. METHODS: After initially examining the
population,
we offered all residents treatment with 5% permethrin cream. Visits were
made during
the ensuing 25 months to rescreen and to treat new-cases of scabies and
contacts.
RESULTS: The prevalence of scabies was reduced from 28.8% before the
program to < 10%
during the entire period (from 32.3% to < 10% in children) (P < 0.01 for
each visit).
The initial prevalence of pyoderma in children was 69.4%, which was reduced
and
maintained at approximately one-half that rate during the last 16 months (P
< 0.004
for the last 4 visits). Residual pyoderma in children was significantly
less severe
and no longer scabies-related. CONCLUSIONS: This simplified model of
scabies control
had a substantial effect on scabies prevalence and on pyoderma prevalence and
severity which was sustained for > 2 years. It could prove useful for other
communities with high rates of scabies and pyoderma.

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19.) Equivalent therapeutic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and lindane
in the treatment of human scabies.
=================================================================
Arch Dermatol 1999 Jun;135(6):651-5

Chouela EN, Abeldano AM, Pellerano G, La Forgia M, Papale RM, Garsd A,
Balian MC, Battista V, Poggio N
Department of Dermatology, the Hospital General de Agudos Dr Cosme
Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina. chouela@impsat1.com.ar

OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and
lindane for the treatment of human scabies. DESIGN: Randomized,
prospective, controlled, double-blind, "double-dummy," and parallel
clinical study. SETTING: A single department of dermatology at a hospital
in Buenos Aires, Argentina. PATIENTS: Patients were outpatients,
hospitalized patients, and those referred to our hospital from nursing
homes and asylums. Fifty-three patients had clinical signs and symptoms
compatible with scabies. INTERVENTION: Patients received either a single
oral dose of ivermectin (150-200 microg/kg of body weight) or a topical
application of 1% lindane solution. Treatment was repeated after 15 days if
clinical cure had not occurred. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical healing and
adverse effects. RESULTS: Of 53 patients, 43 (81%) completed the study, 19
in the group treated with ivermectin and 24 in the group treated with
lindane. At day 15, 14 patients (74%; 95% confidence interval, 48.8%-90.8%)
in the group receiving ivermectin showed healing of their scabies and 13
patients (54%; 95% confidence interval, 32.8%-74.4%) in the group treated
with lindane were healed. At 29 days, both treatments resulted in
statistically equivalent therapeutic efficacy: 18 patients (95%; 95%
confidence interval, 74.0%-99.9%) were healed with ivermectin and 23
patients (96%; 95% confidence interval, 78.9%, 99.9%) were healed with
lindane (P<.02). Adverse effects from the treatments were few, mild, and
transient. Results from laboratory tests showed no major abnormalities and
no difference between treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Ivermectin is as effective
as lindane for the treatment of scabies. Ivermectin is simpler to use and,
therefore, is a promising tool to improve compliance and to control
infestations.

=================================================================
20.) The treatment of scabies with ivermectin.
=================================================================
ARTICLE SOURCE: N Engl J Med (United States), Jul 6 1995, 333(1) p26-30
AUTHOR(S): Meinking TL; Taplin D; Hermida JL; Pardo R; Kerdel FA
PUBLICATION TYPE: CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND. Ivermectin is an anthelmintic agent that has been a
safe, effective treatment for onchocerciasis (river blindness) when given
in a single oral dose of 150 to 200 micrograms per kilogram of body weight.
Anecdotal reports of improvement in patients who suffered from infestation
with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei suggest that the ectoparasitic disease
scabies might be treated with ivermectin. METHODS. We conducted an
open-label study in which ivermectin was administered in a single oral dose
of 200 micrograms per kilogram to 11 otherwise healthy patients with
scabies and to 11 patients with scabies who were also infected with the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 7 of whom had the acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. All patients received a full physical and
dermatologic examination; scrapings from the skin of all patients tested
positive for scabies. Patients were reexamined two and four weeks after
treatment, when the scrapings for scabies were repeated. The patients used
no other scabicides during the 30 days before ivermectin treatment or
during the 4-week study period. RESULTS. None of the 11 otherwise healthy
patients had evidence of scabies four weeks after a single dose of
ivermectin. Of the 11 HIV-infected patients, 2 had or = 10 scabies lesions
before treatment, 3 had 11 to 49 lesions, 4 had or = 50 lesions, and 2 had
heavily crusted skin lesions. In eight of the patients the scabies was
cured after a single dose of ivermectin. Two patients received a second
dose two weeks after the first. Ten of the 11 patients with HIV infection
(91 percent) had no evidence of scabies four weeks after their first
treatment with ivermectin. CONCLUSIONS. The anthelmintic agent ivermectin,
given in a single oral dose, is an effective treatment for scabies in
otherwise healthy patients and in many patients with HIV infection.

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21.) Epidemiology and control of scabies in an Egyptian village.
=================================================================

Hegazy AA, Darwish NM, Abdel-Hamid IA, Hammad SM
Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have addressed the epidemiology of scabies among
rural populations in developing countries; however, the epidemiology of
scabies among the rural population in Egypt is unknown. We sought to
determine the magnitude of scabies infestation in an Egyptian village and
to evaluate the control measures after 1 year. METHODS: This study was
carried out on 3147 residents of Mit-Moaned village in Dakahlia govemorate,
Egypt. It was a cross-sectional follow-up study where the same individuals
examined in round I were re-examined in round III. The two rounds were
separated by a period of 1 year, during which infested patients were
followed up and new cases were discovered (round II). Patients and their
household contacts received treatment with topical permethrin. Patients
showing resistance to permethrin received a single oral dose of ivermectin.
RESULTS: In round III, the overall prevalence rate of scabies was reduced
from 5.4% in round I to 1.1%. The incidence of new cases among susceptible
persons during round II was 1.1%. Scabies was significantly (P < 0.05) more
prevalent among families of large size, high crowding index at night, low
socioeconomic standards, and those receiving their water supply from a hand
pump. Children younger than 10 years showed the highest prevalence.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide the first complete picture of the
epidemiology of scabies in rural Egypt. The epidemiologic characteristics
of the disease should be considered in the design of disease control
programs for other villages with scabies epidemics. Our findings revealed
that good control was achieved with the following: increased awareness and
better case finding, education of the staff at the rural health unit,
improved hygiene measures, and massive treatment campaigns using effective
drugs such as topical permethrin and oral ivermectin.

=================================================================
22.) Crusted scabies in two immunocompromised children: successful treatment
with oral ivermectin.
=================================================================
Australas J Dermatol 1999 Feb;40(1):37-40

Patel A, Hogan P, Walder B
Department of Dermatology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia.

Two immunodeficient children, aged 4 and 12 years, with crusted scabies
were successfully treated with a single oral dose of ivermectin (200
micrograms/kg). One child had been diagnosed in infancy with an undefined
congenital T cell immunodeficiency and the other with chronic mucocutaneous
candidiasis. Both had failed to respond to conventional topical therapy. In
view of the excellent therapeutic response and absence of side-effects,
ivermectin should be considered in the treatment of recalcitrant crusted
scabies in children.

=================================================================
23.) Treatment of scabies with ivermectin.
=================================================================
Eur J Dermatol 1999 Mar;9(2):100-1

Offidani A, Cellini A, Simonetti O, Fumelli C
Clinica Dermatologica, Ospedale Umberto I, Piazza Cappelli 1, 60100 Ancona,
Italy.

The authors report six new cases of patients suffering from severe
infestation with the mite sarcoptes scabiei, treated with ivermectin,
currently the only oral therapy available for this disease. Each patient
received 200 mug/kg of ivermectin, taken as single dose. No topical therapy
was undertaken, except for topical treatment with emollient, as needed. The
drug was very effective in all cases, easy to use, safe, and particularly
useful in those patients with secondary eczematisation and escoriations,
for whom the topical treatments are irritant and less well tolerated.

=================================================================
24.) Efficacy and tolerance of oral ivermectin in scabies.
=================================================================
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998 Nov;11(3):247-51

Dourmishev A, Serafimova D, Dourmishev L
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University, Sofia,
Bulgaria. ald@medun.acad.bg

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this open-label study was to investigate the
therapeutic effect and adverse reactions of oral ivermectin in scabies
patients. BACKGROUND: There is much confusion over reports of efficacy,
adverse reactions and relapses after oral treatment of scabies with
ivermectin. METHODS: Nineteen patients, ten otherwise healthy outpatients
with scabies, and nine inpatients with scabies and another skin disease
(dermatomyositis, 3; pemphigus, 2; bullous pemphigoid, 1; pyoderma, 1; HIV,
1; Behcet's disease, 1) were treated with an oral dose of 0.2 mg/kg
ivermectin (1% water solution) on days 1 and 8. The presence of live mites
and ova in the patient's skin was investigated before, during and after the
treatment. RESULTS: None of the 19 patients with scabies had evidence of
scabies after the second dose of ivermectin. In seven patients we noted the
enhancement of pruritus 24-72 h after the first administration of
ivermectin. In three patients the skin manifestation, vesicle-pustular rash
increased between the second and the fourth day. CONCLUSION: The advantages
of oral ivermectin treatment in scabies patients are: high therapeutic
efficacy against Sarcoptes scabiei, good tolerance and influence of the
drug on the whole skin surface and on clinical symptoms. The administration
of the drug is easy and quick.

=================================================================
25.) Norwegian scabies in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
=================================================================
Dermatology 1998;197(3):306-8

Guggisberg D, de Viragh PA, Constantin C, Panizzon RG
Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois,
Lausanne, et Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire Romand de Dermatologie et
Venereologie (DHURDV), Lausanne/Geneve, Suisse.

We report the case of a 42-year-old man with symptomatic HIV infection (C3
CDC stage) who presented widespread hyperkeratotic skin lesions diagnosed
as Norwegian scabies. The CD4 count was 87 cells/mm3. The patient has been
the source of a nosocomial outbreak (20 individuals affected). He was
treated successfully with combined topical treatment (permethrin 5% cream
plus keratolytic agents) and oral ivermectin.

=================================================================
26.) Ivermectin for Sarcoptes scabiei hyperinfestation.
=================================================================
Int J Infect Dis 1998 Jan-Mar;2(3):152-4

Huffam SE, Currie BJ
Royal Darwin Hospital, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern
Territory, Australia.

OBJECTIVES: Crusted (Norwegian) scabies is an unusual variant of scabies
caused by hyperinfestation with Sarcoptes scabiei. It has high morbidity,
and secondary bacterial skin sepsis may result in life-threatening
bacteremia. An open label study of oral ivermectin was carried out in
patients with crusted scabies refractory to topical therapy. METHODS:
Patients with refractory crusted scabies were prescribed oral ivermectin,
one to three doses of 200 mg/kg at 14-day intervals, combined with topical
scabicide and keratolytic therapy. RESULTS: Of the 20 patients who received
ivermectin, 8 had a complete initial clinical response, a partial response
was achieved in 9, and minimal improvement occurred in 3. Three doses of
ivermectin were curative for 8 of 10 cases, but recurrence of scabies from
presumed reinfestation occurred in at least half of these. CONCLUSION: The
authors conclude that ivermectin is effective for crusted scabies; however,
multiple doses may be required to achieve a cure, and recurrence 6 or more
weeks after completing treatment is common.

=================================================================
27.) Crusted scabies of the scalp in dermatomyositis patients: three cases
treated with oral ivermectin.
=================================================================
Int J Dermatol 1998 Mar;37(3):231-4

Dourmishev AL, Serafimova DK, Dourmishev LA, Mualla MA, Papaharalambous V,
Malchevsky T
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Medicine, Sofia,
Bulgaria.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous features in the scalp area among adult patients are
rarely considered as a manifestation of scabies. METHODS: Three patients
with clinical and laboratory data of dermatomyositis with scalp involvement
(fulfill three or four of Bohan and Peter's criteria), of 4 years, 8
months, and 3 years duration, were seen at our department between 1995 and
1996. For relapses of ordinary scabies, they were treated repeatedly with
local scabicide with temporary effect. After a symptom-free period during
the treatment of dermatomyositis with corticosteroids and azathioprine,
they developed diffuse redness with scales and crusts on the scalp areas.
Light microscopy examination of material taken from these crusts showed an
abundance of live mites. RESULTS: All patients were successfully cured of
scabies with a twice oral dose of 200 microg/kg ivermectin within 8 days.
CONCLUSIONS: Our patients with crusted scabies of the scalp and
dermatomyositis prompted us to change our standard diagnostic and
therapeutic regimens. Fascinating features included mimicry of scabies in
patients with dermatomyositis, location of parasites on the scalp,
suppressed cell-mediated immunity and successful cure of mange by ivermectin.

===================================================

 28.)Treatment of Scabies: Comparison of Lindane 1% vs Permethrin 5.
===================================================

Skinmed. 2015 Aug 1;13(4):283-6.
Rezaee E1, Goldust M2, Alipour H3.
Author information
Abstract
Scabies, whose etiologic agent is Sarcoptes scabiei, is a neglected parasitic disease that is a major public health problem in many resourcepoor regions. Its current therapies include benzyl benzoate, lindane, permethrin, sulfur, crotamiton, monosulfiram, and oral ivermectin. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of lindane 1% lotion vs permethrin 5% in the treatment of scabies. A total of 120 patients with scabies attending a dermatology outpatient department were included. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Sixty patients and their family contacts received 5% permethrin cream and the other 60 received 1% lindane lotion. Treatment was evaluated at intervals of 2 and 4 weeks. Permethrin provided improvement in 48 patients (80%) after 2 weeks, whereas lindane was effective in only 28 patients (46.6%). Permethrin (5%) cream was found to be significantly more effective in the treatment of scabies compared with lindane in this study. Adverse effects were rare in both the permethrin and lindane groups.


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