Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic fever
virus.!!
Virus de La Fiebre Hemorragica del Congo.. !!
EDITORIAL ENGLISH
===================
The history of this VIRUS is long and I will summarize it, it has evolved from 1.100 to 1.500 years before Christ (BC). In the 12th century during the Crimean War and was known at the time as the "FEVER OF CRIMEA". Subsequently The Russians in 1.944 identified the disease by transmitting it from human to human in "volunteers" and called it "HEMORRHAGIC FEVER OF CRIMEA", but the virus was not isolated.
In 1.967 virologists Jack Woodall, David Simpson, Ghislaine Courtois and others were the first to publish reports on the virus they called "CONGO VIRUS", which was first isolated by GHISLAINE COURTOIS in 1.956. In the Belgian Congo. This strain was named V3010, and sent to the Rockefeller Foundation Virus Laboratory (RFVL) in New York. There it was determined that it was the same as another strain that was isolated in Uganda.
In 1.967 a deadly case was reported in Samarkand, a city in present-day Uzbekistan, one of the oldest inhabited cities in Central Asia, and Soviet virologist Mikhail Chumakov isolated the virus. Between 1.967 and 1.973, based on the publications previously described, the International Taxonomy Committee identified the virus as the "CRIMEAN - CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS (CCFHV)".
The virus is of the RNA TYPE virus, order: BUNYAVIRIDAE, family: NAIROVIRIDAE, genus: ORTOINAROVIRUS, species: CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS.
The transmitter vector was also discovered and once again we find the TICKS, in this case the main transmitters of this disease are those of the genus: HYALOMMA, the most common being HYALOMMA MARGINATUM, and the genus RHIPICEPHALUS, and the most common RHIPICEPHALUS BURSA but there are many more that have been identified, among which stand out "
Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma turanicum, Haemaphysalis concinna, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma asiaticum, Haemaphysalis parva, Boophilus annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma aegyptium, Haemaphysalis punctata, Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus
Unlike other transmitters of the BUNYAVIRIDAE group, the HYALOMMA genus acts not only as a VECTOR transmitter, it is also a natural HOST of the virus.
Among the animals in which the VIRUS has been detected are: sheep, goats, hares, cattle, dromedaries, camels, rodents, hedgehogs and birds, of which the TICK HYALOMMA MARGINATUM has been isolated in migratory birds, which have contributed to Dissemination of the disease to other regions.
Based on the sequence data, seven genotypes of the HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS OF THE CRIMEAN-CONGO (CCHFV) have been recognized: in the following countries:
1.) Senegal
2.) Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Africa
3.) Southern and Western Africa
4.) Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Russia and Turkey
5.) Greece
6.) Middle East, Iran and Pakistan
7.) China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan).
In addition to the Democratic Republic of Congo, the disease has spread to the following countries: EGYPT, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, New Guinea, Senegal, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Magadascar, Central African Republic, SAUDI ARABIA, OMAN, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, INDIA, Turkey, Armenia, RUSSIA, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tumenistan, Tajikistan CHINA, Ukraine, Croatia, Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro , Slovenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and most recently SPAIN, which means that the disease is present in the continents: AFRICA, EUROPE, AND ASIA (EURASIA).
CRIMEAN -CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS. (CCHFV) is characterized by: fever, headache, malaise, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding of the skin, liver failure, with a mortality rate of 40%
The treatment of the disease is clearly symptomatic, several vaccines have been tested since the year 2.011, but today THERE IS NOT VACCINE available for this disease.
As interesting data exists another VIRUS called VIRUS TETE, also of the group of BUNYAVIRIDAE was isolated in the province of Tete in Monzambique which is presented in animals and humans, presenting in two forms THE VIRUS OF BAHIG and VIRUS OF MATRUTH, which were Isolated from TICKS in birds, specifically HYALOMMA MARGINATUM, besides TICKS it has been detected that mosquitoes, sandfly, are also vectors in this case.
You may be asking for this moment because I did this review on this disease also caused by BUNYAVIRIDADE VIRUS, and as always I will give you MY OPINION:
1.) THE TICKS ARE TRANSMITTERS AND RESERVOIRS OF VIRUSES WHICH MAY BE MORTAL TO TRANSMIT TO HUMANS.
2.) THERE ARE NO ONE OR TWO TICKS INVOLVED, IF YOU READ THE REVIEW WELL YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THAT THERE ARE MANY OF THEM INVOLVED, AS WELL AS MANY DOMESTIC AND WILD ANIMALS.
3.) IN THE CASE OF THIS DISEASE TRANSMITTED BY TICKS LIKE LYME DISEASE, THERE IS A BIG DIFFERENCE: THE TRANSMISSION MAY BE PRODUCED BY HUMAN-HUMAN, OR ANIMAL-HUMAN WITH CONTACT THROUGH SERECTIONS.
4.) THE VIRUSES HAVE BEEN DISSEMINATING OF THE SITE ORIGIN WHERE THEY WERE ISOLATED, REACHING NUMEROUS COUNTRIES.
5.) THERE IS NO VACCINE FOR THIS DISEASE TODAY, VARIOUS TESTS HAVE BEEN TESTED, BUT NOT APPROVED.
6.) THESE VIRUSES THROUGH THEIR VECTORS AND HOSTING HAVE BEEN EXPANDING ALL OVER THE WORLD CAUSING ALARM IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL SOCIETY AT WORLD LEVEL.
Finally, while the MAN spends MILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN WEAPONS to attack the MAN, it destines little quantity TO ATTACK TO the LIVE AGENTS that are putting an end to HUMANITY, example of this they are the previously described: LYME DISEASE, POWASSAN VIRUS, SFTS VIRUSES, HEARTLAND VIRUS and today HEMORRHAGIC FEVER OF THE CRIMEAN CONGO VIRUS.
Also the human spends MILLIONS OF DOLLARS in producing some VACCINES that instead of protecting you, KILL yuorself. This is the case of the LYMErix VACCINE against LYME DISEASE of the laboratory GLAXOSMITHKLINE (GSK) that after being placed on the market in 1.998, had to be removed from it in the year 2.002 for the large amount of COLLATERAL DAMAGE caused to the Patients READ HERE THE HISTORY OF THE VICTIMS OF THE LYMErix VACCINE.
And today the GARDASIL VACCINE laboratory MERCK SHARP & DOHME manufactured to PREVENT SOME TYPES OF HPV who has KILLED and ILLNESSED MANY CHILDREN in the countries where it was commercialized, and today sued, August 18, 2,017 in COLOMBIA FOR 160 MILLION DOLLARS DAMAGE CAUSED TO Vaccinated population.
Read here my reviews about HPV BEFORE VACCINES AND HPV AFTER VACCINES.
Greetings to all.
Dr. José Lapenta.
EDITORIAL ESPAÑOL
=================
Hola amigos de la red DERMAGIC EXPRESS hoy te trae otro tema del grupo de VIRUS DE LOS BUNYAVIRIDADE, causantes de muchas enfermedades como el descrito anteriormente VIRUS DE HEARTLAND. En este caso se trata del VIRUS DE LA ENFERMEDAD HEMORRAGICA DE CRIMEA- EL CONGO (CCFHV)
La historia de este VIRUS es larga y voy a hacer un resumen de ella, el mismo viene evolucionando desde 1.100 a 1.500 años antes de Cristo (AC). En el siglo XII durante la guerra de Crimea y se le conoció en ese entonces como la "FIEBRE DE CRIMEA". Posteriormente Los Rusos en 1.944 identificaron la enfermedad transmitiéndola de humano a humano en "voluntarios" y la llamaron "FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DE CRIMEA", mas el virus no fue aislado.
En 1.967 los virólogos virólogos Jack Woodall , David Simpson, Ghislaine Courtois y otros fueron los primeros en publicar reportes sobre el virus que llamaron "VIRUS DEL CONGO", quien fue aislado por primera vez por GHISLAINE COURTOIS en 1.956. en el Congo Belga. Esta cepa fue denominada V3010, y enviada al Laboratorio de Virus de la Fundación Rockefeller (RFVL) en Nueva York. Alli se determino que era igual a otra cepa que fue aislada en Uganda.
En 1.967 se registró un caso mortal en la localidad de Samarkand, es una ciudad en la actual Uzbekistán, una de las más antiguas ciudades habitadas en Asia Central y el virologista soviético Mikhail Chumakov aisló el virus. Entre 1.967 y 1.973 en base a las publicaciones previamente descritas el Comité internacional de Taxonomía identifico al virus con el nombre de "VIRUS DE LA FIEBRE HEMOPRRAGICA DEL CONGO-CRIMEA (CCFHV) ".
El virus es del TIPO ARN virus, orden: BUNYAVIRIDAE, familia: NAIROVIRIDAE, genus: ORTOINAROVIRUS, especie: VIRUS DE LA FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DE CRIMEA-CONGO.
También fue descubierto el vector transmisor y una vez más nos encontramos con las GARRAPATAS, en este caso las principales transmisoras de esta enfermedad son las del genus: HYALOMMA, siendo las más comunes la HYALOMMA MARGINATUM, y el genus RHIPICEPHALUS, y la más común RHIPICEPHALUS BURSA pero hay muchísimas más que han sido identificadas, entre las que destacan"
Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma turanicum, Haemaphysalis concinna, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma asiaticum, Haemaphysalis parva, Boophilus annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma aegyptium, Haemaphysalis punctata, Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus
A diferencia de otras GARRAPATAS transmisoras del grupo de las BUNYAVIRIDAE, el genus HYALOMMA actua no solo como VECTOR transmisor, tambien es un RESERVORIO natural del virus.
Entre los animales en que se ha detectado el VIRUS destacan: obejas, cabras, liebres, ganado, dromedarios, camellos, roedores, erizos y pájaros, de estos últimos se ha aislado la GARRAPATA HYALOMMA MARGINATUM, en aves migratorias, las cuales han contribuido a la diseminación de la enfermedad a otras regiones.
En base a los datos de la secuencia, se han reconocido siete genotipos del VIRUS DE LA FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DEL - CRIMEA( CCHFV) : en los siguientes países:
1.) Senegal
2.) República Democrática del Congo y Sudáfrica
3.) África meridional y occidental
4.) Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo , Rusia y Turquía
5.) Grecia
6.) Oriente Medio, Irán y Pakistán
7.) China, Kazajstán, Tayikistán y Uzbekistán).
Además de la Republica Democrática del Congo, la enfermedad se ha extendido a los siguientes países: EGIPTO, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Nueva Guinea, Senegal, Etiopia, Sudan, Kenia, Uganda, Tanzania, Namibia, Sur África, zimbawe, Magadascar, Republica Central del África, ARABIA SAUDITA, Omán, Iraq, Irán, Turquía, Paquistan, INDIA , Turquía, Armenia, RUSIA, Azerbaiyán, Uzbequistan, Tumenistan, Tayikistán CHINA , Ucrania, Croacia, Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Eslovenia, Georgia, Kirguistán y últimamente ESPAÑA, lo cual significa que la enfermedad está presente en los continentes: AFRICA, EUROPA, Y ASIA (EURASIA).
La enfermedad de la FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DEL VIRUS CRIMEA CONGO (CCHF) se caracteriza por: fiebre, dolor de cabeza, malestar general, vómitos, diarrea, sangrado de la piel, insuficiencia hepática, con una mortalidad que llega al 40%
El tratamiento de la enfermedad es netamente sintomático, se han ensayado varias vacunas desde el año de 2.011 pero hoy día NO EXISTE VACUNA disponible para esta enfermedad.
Como dato interesante existe otro VIRUS denominado VIRUS TETE, tambien del grupo de los BUNYAVIRIDAE fue aislado en la provincia de Tete en Monzambique el cual se presenta en animales y humanos, presentándose en dos formas EL VIRUS DE BAHIG y VIRUS DE MATRUTH, los cuales fueron aislados de GARRAPATAS en pajaros, específicamente HYALOMMA MARGINATUM, además de LAS GARRAPATAS se ha detectado que los mosquitos tambien son vectores en este caso.
Quizá te estés preguntando para este momento porque hice esta revisión sobre esta enfermedad ocasionada tambien por los VIRUS BUNYAVIRIDADE, y como siempre te voy a dar MI OPINION:
1.) LAS GARRAPATAS SON TRANSMISORAS Y RESERVORIOS DE VIRUS QUE PUEDEN SER MORTALES AL TRANSM ITIRLOS A HUMANOS.
2.) NO SON UNA NI DOS GARRAPATAS LAS INVOLUCRADAS, SI LEISTE BIEN LA REVISION PODRAS ENTENDER QUE HAY MUCHAS DE ELLAS INVOLUCRADAS, ASI COMO TAMBIEN MUCHOS ANIMALES DOMESTICOS Y SALVAJES.
3.) EN EL CASO DE ESTA ENFERMEDAD A DIFERENCIA DE OTRAS TRANSMITIDAS POR GARRAPATAS COMO LA ENFERMEDAD DE LYME, LA TRASNSMISION PUEDE PRODUCIRSE POR CONTACTO HUMANO-HUMANO, O ANIMAL-HUMANO A TRAVES DE SERECIONES.
4.) LOS VIRUS HAN IDO DISEMINANDOSE DEL SITIO DE ORIGEN DONDE FUERON AISLADOS, ALCANZANDO NUMEROSOS PAISES.
5.) NO EXISTE VACUNA PARA ESTA ENFERMEDAD HOY DIA, SE HAN ENSAYADO VARIAS, PERO NO HAN SIDO APROBADAS.
6.) ESTOS VIRUS A TRAVES DE SUS VECTORES Y HOSPEDADORES SE HAN IDO DISEMINANDO POR TODO EL MUNDO CAUSANDO ALARMA EN LA SOCIEDAD CIENTIFICA Y MEDICA A NIVEL MUNDIAL.Para finalizar, mientras el HOMBRE gasta MILLONES DE DOLARES EN ARMAMENTO para atacar al HOMBRE, destina poca cantidad PARA ATACAR A LOS AGENTES VIVOS que están acabando con la HUMANIDAD, ejemplo de ello son las previamente descritas: ENFERMEDAD DE LYME, VIRUS DE POWASSAN, SFTS VIRUS, HEARTLAND VIRUS y hoy FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DEL CONGO CRIMEA.
Tambien el humano gasta MILLONES DE DOLARES en producir algunas VACUNAS que en vez de protegerte MATAN. Tal es el caso de la VACUNA LYMErix contra la ENFERMEDAD DE LYME del laboratorio GLAXOSMITHKLINE(GSK) que luego de ser colocada en el mercado en 1.998, tuvo que ser sacada del mismo en el año 2.002 por la gran cantidad de DAÑOS COLATERALES ocasionados a los pacientes LEE ACA LA HISTORIA DE LAS VICTIMAS DE LA VACUNA LYMErix.
Y hoy día la VACUNA GARDASIL del laboratorio MERCK SHARP & DOHME fabricada para PREVENIR ALGUNOS TIPOS DE VPH quien ha MATADO y ENFERMADO A MUCHOS NIÑOS en los países donde se comercializo, y hoy demandado, 18 de agosto de 2.017 en COLOMBIA POR 160 MILLONES DE DOLARES POR DAÑOS CAUSADOS A LOS VACUNADOS.
Lee acá mis revisiones sobre EL VPH ANTES DE LAS VACUNAS y EL VPH DESPUES DE LAS VACUNAS.
Saludos a Todos.
Dr. José Lapenta.
=================
Hola amigos de la red DERMAGIC EXPRESS hoy te trae otro tema del grupo de VIRUS DE LOS BUNYAVIRIDADE, causantes de muchas enfermedades como el descrito anteriormente VIRUS DE HEARTLAND. En este caso se trata del VIRUS DE LA ENFERMEDAD HEMORRAGICA DE CRIMEA- EL CONGO (CCFHV)
La historia de este VIRUS es larga y voy a hacer un resumen de ella, el mismo viene evolucionando desde 1.100 a 1.500 años antes de Cristo (AC). En el siglo XII durante la guerra de Crimea y se le conoció en ese entonces como la "FIEBRE DE CRIMEA". Posteriormente Los Rusos en 1.944 identificaron la enfermedad transmitiéndola de humano a humano en "voluntarios" y la llamaron "FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DE CRIMEA", mas el virus no fue aislado.
En 1.967 los virólogos virólogos Jack Woodall , David Simpson, Ghislaine Courtois y otros fueron los primeros en publicar reportes sobre el virus que llamaron "VIRUS DEL CONGO", quien fue aislado por primera vez por GHISLAINE COURTOIS en 1.956. en el Congo Belga. Esta cepa fue denominada V3010, y enviada al Laboratorio de Virus de la Fundación Rockefeller (RFVL) en Nueva York. Alli se determino que era igual a otra cepa que fue aislada en Uganda.
En 1.967 se registró un caso mortal en la localidad de Samarkand, es una ciudad en la actual Uzbekistán, una de las más antiguas ciudades habitadas en Asia Central y el virologista soviético Mikhail Chumakov aisló el virus. Entre 1.967 y 1.973 en base a las publicaciones previamente descritas el Comité internacional de Taxonomía identifico al virus con el nombre de "VIRUS DE LA FIEBRE HEMOPRRAGICA DEL CONGO-CRIMEA (CCFHV) ".
El virus es del TIPO ARN virus, orden: BUNYAVIRIDAE, familia: NAIROVIRIDAE, genus: ORTOINAROVIRUS, especie: VIRUS DE LA FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DE CRIMEA-CONGO.
También fue descubierto el vector transmisor y una vez más nos encontramos con las GARRAPATAS, en este caso las principales transmisoras de esta enfermedad son las del genus: HYALOMMA, siendo las más comunes la HYALOMMA MARGINATUM, y el genus RHIPICEPHALUS, y la más común RHIPICEPHALUS BURSA pero hay muchísimas más que han sido identificadas, entre las que destacan"
Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma turanicum, Haemaphysalis concinna, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma asiaticum, Haemaphysalis parva, Boophilus annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma aegyptium, Haemaphysalis punctata, Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus
A diferencia de otras GARRAPATAS transmisoras del grupo de las BUNYAVIRIDAE, el genus HYALOMMA actua no solo como VECTOR transmisor, tambien es un RESERVORIO natural del virus.
Entre los animales en que se ha detectado el VIRUS destacan: obejas, cabras, liebres, ganado, dromedarios, camellos, roedores, erizos y pájaros, de estos últimos se ha aislado la GARRAPATA HYALOMMA MARGINATUM, en aves migratorias, las cuales han contribuido a la diseminación de la enfermedad a otras regiones.
En base a los datos de la secuencia, se han reconocido siete genotipos del VIRUS DE LA FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DEL - CRIMEA( CCHFV) : en los siguientes países:
1.) Senegal
2.) República Democrática del Congo y Sudáfrica
3.) África meridional y occidental
4.) Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo , Rusia y Turquía
5.) Grecia
6.) Oriente Medio, Irán y Pakistán
7.) China, Kazajstán, Tayikistán y Uzbekistán).
Además de la Republica Democrática del Congo, la enfermedad se ha extendido a los siguientes países: EGIPTO, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Nueva Guinea, Senegal, Etiopia, Sudan, Kenia, Uganda, Tanzania, Namibia, Sur África, zimbawe, Magadascar, Republica Central del África, ARABIA SAUDITA, Omán, Iraq, Irán, Turquía, Paquistan, INDIA , Turquía, Armenia, RUSIA, Azerbaiyán, Uzbequistan, Tumenistan, Tayikistán CHINA , Ucrania, Croacia, Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Eslovenia, Georgia, Kirguistán y últimamente ESPAÑA, lo cual significa que la enfermedad está presente en los continentes: AFRICA, EUROPA, Y ASIA (EURASIA).
La enfermedad de la FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DEL VIRUS CRIMEA CONGO (CCHF) se caracteriza por: fiebre, dolor de cabeza, malestar general, vómitos, diarrea, sangrado de la piel, insuficiencia hepática, con una mortalidad que llega al 40%
El tratamiento de la enfermedad es netamente sintomático, se han ensayado varias vacunas desde el año de 2.011 pero hoy día NO EXISTE VACUNA disponible para esta enfermedad.
Como dato interesante existe otro VIRUS denominado VIRUS TETE, tambien del grupo de los BUNYAVIRIDAE fue aislado en la provincia de Tete en Monzambique el cual se presenta en animales y humanos, presentándose en dos formas EL VIRUS DE BAHIG y VIRUS DE MATRUTH, los cuales fueron aislados de GARRAPATAS en pajaros, específicamente HYALOMMA MARGINATUM, además de LAS GARRAPATAS se ha detectado que los mosquitos tambien son vectores en este caso.
Quizá te estés preguntando para este momento porque hice esta revisión sobre esta enfermedad ocasionada tambien por los VIRUS BUNYAVIRIDADE, y como siempre te voy a dar MI OPINION:
1.) LAS GARRAPATAS SON TRANSMISORAS Y RESERVORIOS DE VIRUS QUE PUEDEN SER MORTALES AL TRANSM ITIRLOS A HUMANOS.
2.) NO SON UNA NI DOS GARRAPATAS LAS INVOLUCRADAS, SI LEISTE BIEN LA REVISION PODRAS ENTENDER QUE HAY MUCHAS DE ELLAS INVOLUCRADAS, ASI COMO TAMBIEN MUCHOS ANIMALES DOMESTICOS Y SALVAJES.
3.) EN EL CASO DE ESTA ENFERMEDAD A DIFERENCIA DE OTRAS TRANSMITIDAS POR GARRAPATAS COMO LA ENFERMEDAD DE LYME, LA TRASNSMISION PUEDE PRODUCIRSE POR CONTACTO HUMANO-HUMANO, O ANIMAL-HUMANO A TRAVES DE SERECIONES.
4.) LOS VIRUS HAN IDO DISEMINANDOSE DEL SITIO DE ORIGEN DONDE FUERON AISLADOS, ALCANZANDO NUMEROSOS PAISES.
5.) NO EXISTE VACUNA PARA ESTA ENFERMEDAD HOY DIA, SE HAN ENSAYADO VARIAS, PERO NO HAN SIDO APROBADAS.
6.) ESTOS VIRUS A TRAVES DE SUS VECTORES Y HOSPEDADORES SE HAN IDO DISEMINANDO POR TODO EL MUNDO CAUSANDO ALARMA EN LA SOCIEDAD CIENTIFICA Y MEDICA A NIVEL MUNDIAL.Para finalizar, mientras el HOMBRE gasta MILLONES DE DOLARES EN ARMAMENTO para atacar al HOMBRE, destina poca cantidad PARA ATACAR A LOS AGENTES VIVOS que están acabando con la HUMANIDAD, ejemplo de ello son las previamente descritas: ENFERMEDAD DE LYME, VIRUS DE POWASSAN, SFTS VIRUS, HEARTLAND VIRUS y hoy FIEBRE HEMORRAGICA DEL CONGO CRIMEA.
Tambien el humano gasta MILLONES DE DOLARES en producir algunas VACUNAS que en vez de protegerte MATAN. Tal es el caso de la VACUNA LYMErix contra la ENFERMEDAD DE LYME del laboratorio GLAXOSMITHKLINE(GSK) que luego de ser colocada en el mercado en 1.998, tuvo que ser sacada del mismo en el año 2.002 por la gran cantidad de DAÑOS COLATERALES ocasionados a los pacientes LEE ACA LA HISTORIA DE LAS VICTIMAS DE LA VACUNA LYMErix.
Y hoy día la VACUNA GARDASIL del laboratorio MERCK SHARP & DOHME fabricada para PREVENIR ALGUNOS TIPOS DE VPH quien ha MATADO y ENFERMADO A MUCHOS NIÑOS en los países donde se comercializo, y hoy demandado, 18 de agosto de 2.017 en COLOMBIA POR 160 MILLONES DE DOLARES POR DAÑOS CAUSADOS A LOS VACUNADOS.
Lee acá mis revisiones sobre EL VPH ANTES DE LAS VACUNAS y EL VPH DESPUES DE LAS VACUNAS.
Saludos a Todos.
Dr. José Lapenta.
=======================================================================
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS/ BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
=======================================================================
1.) Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan.
2.) Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle, Mali, West Africa.
3.) Autochthonous Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Spain.
4.) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions.
5.) The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies.
6.) Country-wide seroprevalence studies on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus
infections in general population of Bulgaria.
7.) Combination of RT-PCR and proteomics for the identification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks.
8.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from humans, livestock, and picnic sites in the hyperendemic region of Turkey.
9.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from migratory birds, Morocco.
10.) [Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever].
11.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in various ixodid tick species from a highly endemic area.
12.) Species distribution and detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in field-collected ticks in Ankara Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey.
13.) Species diversity of ixodid ticks feeding on humans in Amasya, Turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
14.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-tick survey in endemic areas in Bulgaria.
15.) Crimean--Congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province, Iran.
16.) Towards an understanding of the migration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
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1.) Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan.
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Virol J. 2017 Aug 3;14(1):147. doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0816-3.
Suliman HM1, Adam IA1, Saeed SI1, Abdelaziz SA2, Haroun EM3, Aradaib IE4,5.
Author information
1
Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan.
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan.
3
Scientific Research Directorate, Al-Mughtaribeen University, Khartoum, Sudan.
4
Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan. aradaib@yahoo.com.
5
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan. aradaib@yahoo.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a member of the genus Nairovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. CCHF is typically asymptomatic in animals but can be highly fatal in humans approaching case fatality rate of approximately 30%. In the present investigation, a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of CCHF and to identify the potential risk factors associated with CCHFV seropositivity among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan.
METHODS:
A total of 361 camels selected randomly from six localities were employed in the study. Sera sampled were tested for the presence of CCHFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS:
CCHFV seropositivity was recorded in 77 out of 361 animals accounting for a prevalence rate of 21.3%. Age (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.72-7.79, p-value = 0.026); locality (OR = 5.85, CI = 1.81-18.83, p- value = 0.003), tick number (OR = 4.6, CI = 1.37-9.81, P-value 0.04); tick control (OR = 2.2, CI, 1.11-4.35, P-value = 0.023) and breed (OR = 6.60, CI = 2.38-18.36, P-value = 0.001) were recorded as potential risk factors for contracting CCHF.
CONCLUSIONS:
The prevalence of CCHF is significantly high among camels in Khartoum State, Sudan. Age, breed, locality and tick control are considered as potential risk factors for contracting CCHF. This study would be expected to reduce the impact on the livelihood of pastoral communities and ultimately avoid disease spread in human.
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2.) Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle, Mali, West Africa.
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Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Jun;96(6):1341-1345. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0818.
Maiga O1, Sas MA2, Rosenke K3, Kamissoko B4, Mertens M2, Sogoba N1, Traore A4, Sangare M5, Niang M4, Schwan TG6, Maiga HM5, Traore SF1, Feldmann H3,7, Safronetz D7,8, Groschup MH2.
Author information
1
International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
2
Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems-Greifswald, Germany.
3
Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana.
4
Central Veterinary Laboratory, Bamako, Mali.
5
Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
6
Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana.
7
Deptartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
8
Division of Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Abstract
AbstractCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a tick-borne disease caused by the arbovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus). CCHFV can cause a severe hemorrhagic fever with high-case fatality rates in humans. CCHFV has a wide geographic range and has been described in around 30 countries in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and Africa including Mali and neighboring countries. To date, little is known about the prevalence rates of CCHFV in Mali. Here, using banked bovine serum samples from across the country, we describe the results of a seroepidemiological study for CCHFV aimed at identifying regions of circulation in Mali. In total, 1,074 serum samples were tested by a modified in-house CCHFV-IgG-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with confirmatory testing by commercial ELISA and immunofluorescence assay. Overall, 66% of samples tested were positive for CCHFV-specific IgG antibodies. Regional seroprevalence rates ranged from 15% to 95% and seemed to correlate with cattle density. Our results demonstrate that CCHFV prevalence is high in many regions in Mali and suggest that CCHFV surveillance should be established.
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3.) Autochthonous Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Spain.
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N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):154-161. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615162.
Negredo A1, de la Calle-Prieto F1, Palencia-Herrejón E1, Mora-Rillo M1, Astray-Mochales J1, Sánchez-Seco MP1, Bermejo Lopez E1, Menárguez J1, Fernández-Cruz A1, Sánchez-Artola B1, Keough-Delgado E1, Ramírez de Arellano E1, Lasala F1, Milla J1, Fraile JL1, Ordobás Gavín M1, Martinez de la Gándara A1, López Perez L1, Diaz-Diaz D1, López-García MA1, Delgado-Jimenez P1, Martín-Quirós A1, Trigo E1, Figueira JC1, Manzanares J1, Rodriguez-Baena E1, Garcia-Comas L1, Rodríguez-Fraga O1, García-Arenzana N1, Fernández-Díaz MV1, Cornejo VM1, Emmerich P1, Schmidt-Chanasit J1, Arribas JR1; Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever@Madrid Working Group.
Collaborators (145)
Vázquez A, Hernández L, Herrero L, Molero F, Alami Tajri B, Alba Suarez AM, Aldeanueva Serrano ME, Alonso Domingo JJ, Aparicio Plaza E, Arabi Fernández O, Arsuaga Vicente M, Armijo Castillo MO, Avila Borja RM, Barrientos Martínez MI, Borrego Prieto P, Bretín Zornoza M, Cabildo Fajardo ML, Cachafeiro Fuciños L, Del Campo Ortún E, Campos Higueras JE, Casado Fernández L, Castaño Carmona AM, Castillo Portellano C, Cerón Serrano A, Cuesta Herrero Y, Del Carmen De Dompablo Ferrándiz M, Díaz Menendez M, Enriquez Calatrava V, Fernández Puntero B, Flores Cabeza EM, Galvez Charro M, García Hernandez R, García Expósito MA, Garcia Gonzalez C, García Sánchez M, Gómez Campos AM, Gómez Rodríguez E, Gómez Del Pulgar Carrillo E, González Herrero MA, González Herrezuelo I, González Navarro A, González Del Castillo AI, González Espinosa S, Gracia Pasamar JC, Granizo Lopez R, Gutierrez Plana C, Gutierrez Prieto M, Hermida Rodriguez J, Hernández Bernal M, Herrero Benito C, Herrero Alonso MT, Jara Orozco PA, Jiménez Castellano R, León Pérez M, López Lorente P, López Alvir C, López Díaz-Plaza Y, Lorenzo Velez C, Lucas Burgos V, Machón Rodríguez B, Mármol Martínez F, Marote Martín C, Martínez Corral C, Martínez Nieto SA, Martínez Quintana JI, Molins Bustamante C, Moreno Lozano E, Moreno Martinez C, Del Carmen Muñoz Gil M, Ortega Lucena C, Patrón Barambio PA, Perez Pacheco M, Del Rosario Rivero Gómez M, Rodriguez Diez R, San Juan Rodríguez A, Sanchez Arroyo V, Sanchez Villarejo M, Silva Montero AI, del Carmen Solera Martin De Nicolas M, Soriano Sánchez MA, Tapia García MR, Torres Hidalgo A, Robustillo Rodela A, Elola Vicente P, Arnalich F, Buño Soto A, García de Lorenzo A, Núñez C, Garcia-Pando CR, Martins Muñoz G, Velasquez-Alcala SG, Ángeles Sánchez-Castillo M, Rey-Cuevas E, Del Rosario Férnandez-Acevedo M, Borobia A, Aguirre Martín-Gil R, Alvarez-Castillo MC, Aragón-Peña A, de Burgos-Lunar C, Córdoba-Deorador E, Diezma-Criado JC, Domínguez-Berjón F, Esteban-Niveiro MJ, Bernardo-Ferrer Simó J, Fuentes-Rodriguez CY, Fuster F, Garcia-Mañosa I, Gil-Montalbán E, Ibáñez-Martí C, Insua Marisquerena E, Lasheras-Carbajo MD, Latasa-Zamalloa P, Angeles Lópaz-Perez M, Marino E, Martin-Martínez F, Martinez-Vidal M, de Miguel-Moro JI, Nieto-Juliá A, Noguerales-De la Obra R, Ortiz-Marrón H, Palomino-Lopez MT, Sanchez-Diaz J, Sánchez-Gómez A, Torrijano-Castillo MJ, Wijers I, Sierra-Matamoros MJ, Simón-Soria F, García Bordas J, Muñoz García P, Fernández RA, Goyanes MJ, Gijón Vidaurreta P, Martín-Rabadán P, Sánchez Carrillo C, Bouza E, Barrios JC, Guerrero JE, Bibiano C, Medina Iglesias P, Pacheco Puig R, Aguilar Huertas JL, Sanz de Miguel E, de Sansegundo Reyes M, Camacho Muñoz I, Cava F.
Author information
1
From the Arbovirus and Imported Viral Diseases Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (A.N., M.P.S.-S., E.R.A., F.L.), Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (A.N., M.P.S.-S., E.R.A., F.L.), High Level Isolation Unit (F.C.-P., M.M.-R., A.M.-Q., E.T., J.C.F., J. Manzanares, O.R.-F., V.M.C., J.R.A.) and Departments of Preventive Medicine (N.G.-A.) and Occupational Health (M.V.F.-D.), La Paz University Hospital, Intensive Care Unit (E.P.-H., A.M.G., L.L.P., D.D.-D., M.A.L.-G.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (B.S.-A.), Emergency (J.L.F.), and Occupational Health (P.D.-J.), Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Epidemiology Area of the Autonomous Community of Madrid (J.A.-M., M.O.G., E.R.-B., L.G.-C.), Intensive Care Unit (E.B.L., E.K.-D.) and Departments of Pathology (J. Menárguez, J. Milla) and Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (A.F.-C.), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Complutense University (J. Menárguez, J. Milla, A.F.-C.) - all in Madrid; and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (P.E., J.S.-C.).
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widely distributed, viral, tickborne disease. In Europe, cases have been reported only in the southeastern part of the continent. We report two autochthonous cases in Spain. The index patient acquired the disease through a tick bite in the province of Ávila - 300 km away from the province of Cáceres, where viral RNA from ticks was amplified in 2010. The second patient was a nurse who became infected while caring for the index patient. Both were infected with the African 3 lineage of this virus. (Funded by Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales [RICET] and Efficient Response to Highly Dangerous and Emerging Pathogens at EU [European Union] Level [EMERGE].).
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4.) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions.
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Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 May 26;7:213. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00213. eCollection 2017.
Papa A1, Tsergouli K1, Tsioka K1, Mirazimi A2,3,4.
Author information
1
Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece.
2
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden.
3
National Veterinary InstituteUppsala, Sweden.
4
Public Health Agency of SwedenStockholm, Sweden.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is transmitted to humans by bite of infected ticks or by direct contact with blood or tissues of viremic patients or animals. It causes to humans a severe disease with fatality up to 30%. The current knowledge about the vector-host-CCHFV interactions is very limited due to the high-level containment required for CCHFV studies. Among ticks, Hyalomma spp. are considered the most competent virus vectors. CCHFV evades the tick immune response, and following its replication in the lining of the tick's midgut, it is disseminated by the hemolymph in the salivary glands and reproductive organs. The introduction of salivary gland secretions into the host cells is the major route via which CCHFV enters the host. Following an initial amplification at the site of inoculation, the virus is spread to the target organs. Apoptosis is induced via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Genetic factors and immune status of the host may affect the release of cytokines which play a major role in disease progression and outcome. It is expected that the use of new technology of metabolomics, transcriptomics and proteomics will lead to improved understanding of CCHFV-host interactions and identify potential targets for blocking the CCHFV transmission.
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5.) The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies.
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Antiviral Res. 2017 Aug;144:93-119. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.010. Epub 2017 Jun 1.
Gargili A1, Estrada-Peña A2, Spengler JR3, Lukashev A4, Nuttall PA5, Bente DA6.
Author information
1
Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
2
Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
3
Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
4
Chumakov Institute for Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
5
Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK.
6
Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. Electronic address: dabente@utmb.edu.
Abstract
This manuscript is part of a series of reviews that aim to cover published research on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and its etiological agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV). The virus is maintained and transmitted in a vertical and horizontal transmission cycle involving a variety of wild and domestic vertebrate species that act as amplification hosts, without showing signs of illness. These vertebrates have traditionally been considered reservoirs of CCHFV, but in fact they develop only a transient viremia, while the virus can persist in ticks for their entire lifespan, and can also be transmitted vertically to the next generation. As a result, ticks are now considered to be both the vector and the reservoir for the virus. CCHFV has been detected in a wide range of tick species, but only a few have been proven to be vectors and reservoirs, mainly because most published studies have been performed under a broad variety of conditions, precluding definitive characterization. This article reviews the published literature, summarizes current knowledge of the role of ticks in CCHFV maintenance and transmission and provides guidance for how to fill the knowledge gaps. Special focus is given to existing data on tick species in which vertical passage has been demonstrated under natural or experimental conditions. At the same time, we identify earlier reports that used unreliable methods and perceptions to ascribe a vector role to some species of ticks, and have contributed to confusion regarding viral transmission. We also examine epidemiological pathways of CCHFV circulation and discuss priority areas for future research.
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6.) Country-wide seroprevalence studies on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus
infections in general population of Bulgaria.
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J Med Virol. 2017 Oct;89(10):1720-1725. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24868. Epub 2017 Jul 6.
Christova I1, Panayotova E1, Trifonova I1, Taseva E1, Hristova T1, Ivanova V1.
Author information
1
National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and hantavirus infections are the two viral hemorrhagic fevers spread in Europe. To test actual circulation of CCHF virus (CCHFV) and hantaviruses in Bulgaria, we conducted country-wide seroepidemiological studies. Serum samples were collected prospectively from 1500 residents of all 28 districts in Bulgaria. CCHFV seroprevalence of 3.7% was revealed. Anamnesis for tick bites, contact with livestock, age over 40 years and residency in Haskovo district were found as risk factors. The highest CCHFV seroprevalence was observed in the known endemic districts in southeastern Bulgaria: Haskovo (28%) and Yambol (12%). Reactive samples were found in residents of 20 of the 28 districts in Bulgaria. In comparison with the previous studies, the data presented indicate that CCHFV increased substantially its circulation in the endemic regions and was introduced in many new areas. Hantavirus seroprevalence was based on results of the immunoblot and estimated as 3.1%. Surprisingly, contrary to all available data, Puumala virus seroprevalence rate was 2.3% versus 0.8% of Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Evidence for hantavirus IgG seropositivity was found in residents of 23 of the 28 districts in the country. The first hantavirus seroprevalence study in Bulgaria showed that Puumala virus is probably more wide-spread in the country than Dobrava-Belgrade virus.
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7.) Combination of RT-PCR and proteomics for the identification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks.
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Heliyon. 2017 Jul 12;3(7):e00353. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00353. eCollection 2017 Jul.
Fernández de Mera IG1, Chaligiannis I2, Hernández-Jarguín A1, Villar M1, Mateos-Hernández L1, Papa A2, Sotiraki S3, Ruiz-Fons F1, Cabezas-Cruz A4,5, Gortázar C1, de la Fuente J1,6.
Author information
1
SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
2
Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
3
Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, NAGREF Campus, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
4
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
5
Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
6
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by the CCHF virus (CCHFV). In this study, an experimental approach combining RT-PCR and proteomics was used for the identification and characterization of CCHFV in 106 ticks from 7 species that were collected from small ruminants in Greece. The methodological approach included an initial screening for CCHFV by RT-PCR followed by proteomics analysis of positive and control negative tick samples. This novel approach allowed the identification of CCHFV-positive ticks and provided additional information to corroborate the RT-PCR findings using a different approach. Two ticks, Dermacentor marginatus and Haemaphysalis parva collected from a goat and a sheep, respectively were positive for CCHFV. The sequences for CCHFV RNA segments S and L were characterized by RT-PCR and proteomics analysis of tick samples, respectively. These results showed the possibility of combining analyses at the RNA and protein levels using RT-PCR and proteomics for the characterization of CCHFV in ticks. The results supported that the CCHFV identified in ticks are genetic variants of the AP92 strain. Although the AP92-like strains probably do not represent a high risk of CCHF to the population, the circulation of genetically diverse CCHFV strains could potentially result in the appearance of novel viral genotypes with increased pathogenicity and fitness.
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8.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from humans, livestock, and picnic sites in the hyperendemic region of Turkey.
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Gunes T1, Poyraz O, Vatansever Z.
Author information
1
Vocational School of Health Services, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. turabigunes@hotmail.com
Abstract
During June and July 2007, about 3125 adult ticks were collected from humans, animals, and vegetation in a hyperendemic region (Sivas and Tokat) of Turkey. A total of 2193 ticks were pooled in 225 pools and screened for the Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) presence by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infection rates were calculated as the maximum likelihood estimation with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The dominant tick species was found to be Hyalomma marginatum with the following infestation rates in human, cattle and sheep, respectively: 47.43%, 66.07%, and 30.12%. Maximum likelihood estimation values of CCHFV in H. marginatum ticks collected from human, cattle, and sheep were 0.91% (CI 0.05-4.42), 2.10% (CI 1.12-3.64), and 3.11% (CI 1.18-6.87), respectively. CCHFV antigens were also demonstrated in Hyalomma excavatum, Haemaphysalis parva, and Boophilus annulatus ticks collected from cattle and Rhipicephalus bursa ticks from sheep. Our results suggest that the studied area might maintain its endemic properties in the near future unless effective tick control measures are implemented.
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9.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from migratory birds, Morocco.
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Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Feb;19(2):260-3. doi: 10.3201/eid1902.121193.
Palomar AM1, Portillo A, Santibáñez P, Mazuelas D, Arizaga J, Crespo A, Gutiérrez Ó, Cuadrado JF, Oteo JA.
Author information
1
Hospital San Pedro–CIBIR, Center of Rickettsioses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Logroño, Spain.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus was detected in ticks removed from migratory birds in Morocco. This finding demonstrates the circulation of this virus in northwestern Africa and supports the hypothesis that the virus can be introduced into Europe by infected ticks transported from Africa by migratory birds.
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10.) [Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever].
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Mikrobiyol Bul. 2006 Jul;40(3):279-87.
[Article in Turkish]
Güneş T1.
Author information
1
Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Sağlik Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Sivas.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus is a tick-borne virus, which is a member of Bunyaviridae family, Nairovirus genus. CCHF virus has been isolated from 31 different tick species so far, and genus Hyalomma includes the basic vectors of which H. anatolicum, H. marginatum, H. detritum, H. dromedarii, H. excavatum and H. turanicum are frequently found in the geography in which Turkey takes place. The virus is transmitted via the bite of infected ticks or direct contact with CCHF infected patients and the products of infected animals. Following 2-9 days incubation period, the disease abruptly starts with fever, feeling cold, shivering, headache, muscle and joint aches. After a few days hemorrhage develops at various parts of the body. Since an effective vaccine and a specific antiviral therapy have not been found yet, the high mortality rate which may reach to 10-60%, and a wide geography affecting approximately 40 countries including Turkey, CCHF attracts the attention of both scientific and mediatic world, in recent years. In this article, the structure, vectors and reservoirs of CCHF virus, together with the epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and strategies of treatment and prevention, have been reviewed.
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11.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in various ixodid tick species from a highly endemic area.
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Vet Parasitol. 2012 May 25;186(3-4):546-52. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.010. Epub 2011 Nov 7.
Tekin S1, Bursali A, Mutluay N, Keskin A, Dundar E.
Author information
1
Department of Biology, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Science & Art, 60250 Tokat, Turkey. sabant@yahoo.com
Abstract
Ticks are major vectors of numerous diseases affecting animals and humans. Presence of various tick-borne pathogens such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in various tick species was documented. CCHF is a severe tick-borne illness caused by the CCHFV which is a member of the Nairovirus genus (family: Bunyaviridae). Presence of CCHFV was shown in the most prevalent ixodid tick species such as Hyalomma marginatum and Rhiphicephalus bursa in Turkey. In the present study, prevalence and species diversity of ixodid ticks carrying CCHFV in Tokat province where CCHF is highly endemic were determined by using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). As a result, 15 out 745 ticks from various hosts (2%) were found to be CCHFV positive. The CCHFV positive ticks were Haemaphysalis concinna, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma turanicum, Rhipicephalus bursa, and Rhiphicephalus turanicus indicating that multiple ixodid tick species may contribute to transmission of CCHFV to humans and animals in Turkey.
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12.) Species distribution and detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in field-collected ticks in Ankara Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey.
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Exp Appl Acarol. 2012 Jan;56(1):75-84. doi: 10.1007/s10493-011-9492-y. Epub 2011 Sep 11.
Hekimoglu O1, Ozer N, Ergunay K, Ozkul A.
Author information
1
Ecology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
Ticks may act as vectors for a number of infectious diseases including Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). The causative agent is Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), a member of Bunyaviridae, causing extensive ecchymosis, visceral bleeding and hepatic dysfunction with a high fatality rate in the affected individuals. CCHF was initially recognized in Turkey in 2002 and the current number of reported cases exceeds 4,400. This study was conducted to confirm the presence of tick species established as potential CCHFV vectors and investigate CCHFV activity in ticks at Ankara province, Turkey's second most-densely populated province, where CCHF cases were demonstrated. A total of 1,196 adult ticks, collected from various animals and vegetation in 12 sites located in 5 counties of Ankara during April-July 2010 were identified to species level. Twenty-two tick pools from county K2 were also evaluated for the presence of CCHFV RNA via a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay and reactive results were further confirmed by an in house nested RT-PCR assay. Nine tick species were identified: Rhipicephalus bursa (44.9%), R. sanguineus (18.9%), R. turanicus (18.1%), Haemaphysalis parva (8.3%), Hyalomma marginatum marginatum (5.4%), H. aegyptium (1.4%), H. anatolicum excavatum (1.3%), Hae. punctata (0.3%) and Dermacentor marginatus (0.2%). A total of five tick pools (22.7%) were reactive in real-time and nested RT-PCR assays. The pools included R. bursa, H. m. marginatum and Hae. parva ticks, collected from mammal hosts from two villages in one county. This is the first documentation of CCHFV activity in ticks from Ankara province, which indicates requirement for detailed surveillance to predict high risk zones in the region.
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13.) Species diversity of ixodid ticks feeding on humans in Amasya, Turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
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J Med Entomol. 2011 Jan;48(1):85-93.
Bursali A1, Tekin S, Keskin A, Ekici M, Dundar E.
Author information
1
Department of Biology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Science & Art, 60250, Tokat, Turkey.
Abstract
Ticks (Acari:Ixodidae) are important pests transmitting tick-borne diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) to humans. Between 2002 and 2009, numerous CCHF cases were reported in Turkey, including Amasya province. In the current study, species diversity, seasonal abundance of ticks, and presence of CCHF virus (CCHFV) in ticks infesting humans in several districts of Amasya province were determined. In the survey, a total of 2,528 ixodid ticks were collected from humans with tick bite from April to November 2008 and identified to species. Hyalomma marginatum (18.6%), Rhipicephalus bursa (10.3%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (5.7%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (2.2%), Dermacentor marginatus (2.5%), Haemaphysalis parva (3.6%), and Ixodes ricinus (1.6%) were the most prevalent species among 26 ixodid tick species infesting humans in Amasya province. Hyalomma franchinii Tonelli & Rondelli, 1932, was a new record for the tick fauna of Turkey. The most abundant species were the members of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus through summer and declined in fall, whereas relative abundances of Ixodes and Dermacentor ticks were always low on humans in the province. Of 25 Hyalomma tick pools tested, seven pools were CCHFV positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results indicated diversity of ixodid tick species infesting humans was very high, abundance of ticks changed by season, and ticks infesting humans had potential for transmitting CCHFV.
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14.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-tick survey in endemic areas in Bulgaria.
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J Med Virol. 2012 Apr;84(4):608-14. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23214.
Gergova I1, Kunchev M, Kamarinchev B.
Author information
1
Department of Military Epidemiology and Hygiene, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abstract
The Balkan Peninsula and Bulgaria in particular, is a well-known endemic region for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). This study describes the prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) among tick populations from areas, previously recognized with emerging cases of CCHF disease in humans. These include regions from the Southeastern (regions of Kardzhali and Haskovo) and Central (region of Stara Zagora) parts of the country. For the period 2006-2010 a total of 911 adult ticks, collected from livestock in endemic areas were studied for presence of CCHFV by an immunofluorescence-hemocytes assay (IFHA) and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The detection rate of CCHFV in the tick population was 2.09%. The prevalence of the virus was determined between 2.01% and 4.83% in the regions of Kardzhali and Haskovo, respectively (Southeastern Bulgaria). In the Central part of the country CCHFV infestation of the ticks was observed in 1.46% (region of Stara Zagora). The results confirmed the mosaic dispersion of CCHFV in the investigated regions. The principal infection vector in the surveyed areas was confirmed to be Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes ricinus were also detected and may play a role in the transmission of CCHFV. Species distribution of CCHFV-positive ticks was as follows: H. m. marginatum-4.93%; R. sanguineus-2.33%; I. ricinus-1.02%. The combination of IFHA and RT-PCR that are used in this study are useful tools in the algorithm for monitoring endemic areas in Bulgaria.
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15.) Crimean--Congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province, Iran.
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Yaser SA1, Sadegh C, Zakkyeh T, Hassan V, Maryam M, Ali OM, Mojtaba GS.
Author information
1
Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the rate of Crimean--Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection in hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province of Iran.
METHODS:
A molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) was conducted in Yazd province during 2008-2009. A total of 140 hard ticks (three genera and 7 species) were collected from randomly selected villages and were exanimate for presence of CCHFV reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.
RESULTS:
CCHFV genome was found in 5.71% of hard ticks. All positive ticks were from Hyalomma genus. Positive ticks including: Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma asiaticum. We were not able to find virus in in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor marginatus. Results exhibited that Hyalomma is the main vector in the study area.
CONCLUSIONS:
Due to the presence of virus in 24 provinces' out of 31, we recommend the use of acaricides and repellent to prevent disease transmission among humans. Greta care should be taken by the people who are working in slaughter houses.
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16.) Towards an understanding of the migration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
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Mild M1, Simon M, Albert J, Mirazimi A.
Author information
1
Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Nobels vag 16, 17182 Stockholm, Sweden. mattias.mild@smi.se
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a lethal disease caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). It is one of the most widespread medically significant tick-borne pathogens, with a distribution that coincides well with the geographical occurrence of its tick vector, Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Sporadic outbreaks of CCHF have previously been recognized in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe but, in the 21st century, outbreaks have become more frequent in former Yugoslavia, Turkey and Iran. It has been suggested that CCHFV is a migrating pathogen, but it is not clear to what extent. We have, for the first time, analysed the worldwide migration pattern of CCHFV. Our results showed that Turkey may be a donor in Europe, towards both the east and the west, while the United Arab Emirates acted as a donor in the Middle East, and China was found to be the origin for genotype 2. Finally, we showed that migration of CCHFV was unrestricted between Iran and Pakistan. Considering the distribution and coincidence of the tick vector with CCHFV and CCHF, and the fact that the tick vector is present in western Europe, future outbreaks may extend to include hitherto-naïve areas, suggesting that increased surveillance and geographical mapping of this lethal pathogen are needed.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS/ BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
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1.) Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan.
2.) Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle, Mali, West Africa.
3.) Autochthonous Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Spain.
4.) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions.
5.) The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies.
6.) Country-wide seroprevalence studies on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus
infections in general population of Bulgaria.
7.) Combination of RT-PCR and proteomics for the identification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks.
8.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from humans, livestock, and picnic sites in the hyperendemic region of Turkey.
9.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from migratory birds, Morocco.
10.) [Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever].
11.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in various ixodid tick species from a highly endemic area.
12.) Species distribution and detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in field-collected ticks in Ankara Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey.
13.) Species diversity of ixodid ticks feeding on humans in Amasya, Turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
14.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-tick survey in endemic areas in Bulgaria.
15.) Crimean--Congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province, Iran.
16.) Towards an understanding of the migration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
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1.) Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan.
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Virol J. 2017 Aug 3;14(1):147. doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0816-3.
Suliman HM1, Adam IA1, Saeed SI1, Abdelaziz SA2, Haroun EM3, Aradaib IE4,5.
Author information
1
Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan.
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan.
3
Scientific Research Directorate, Al-Mughtaribeen University, Khartoum, Sudan.
4
Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan. aradaib@yahoo.com.
5
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan. aradaib@yahoo.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a member of the genus Nairovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. CCHF is typically asymptomatic in animals but can be highly fatal in humans approaching case fatality rate of approximately 30%. In the present investigation, a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of CCHF and to identify the potential risk factors associated with CCHFV seropositivity among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan.
METHODS:
A total of 361 camels selected randomly from six localities were employed in the study. Sera sampled were tested for the presence of CCHFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS:
CCHFV seropositivity was recorded in 77 out of 361 animals accounting for a prevalence rate of 21.3%. Age (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.72-7.79, p-value = 0.026); locality (OR = 5.85, CI = 1.81-18.83, p- value = 0.003), tick number (OR = 4.6, CI = 1.37-9.81, P-value 0.04); tick control (OR = 2.2, CI, 1.11-4.35, P-value = 0.023) and breed (OR = 6.60, CI = 2.38-18.36, P-value = 0.001) were recorded as potential risk factors for contracting CCHF.
CONCLUSIONS:
The prevalence of CCHF is significantly high among camels in Khartoum State, Sudan. Age, breed, locality and tick control are considered as potential risk factors for contracting CCHF. This study would be expected to reduce the impact on the livelihood of pastoral communities and ultimately avoid disease spread in human.
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2.) Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle, Mali, West Africa.
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Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Jun;96(6):1341-1345. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0818.
Maiga O1, Sas MA2, Rosenke K3, Kamissoko B4, Mertens M2, Sogoba N1, Traore A4, Sangare M5, Niang M4, Schwan TG6, Maiga HM5, Traore SF1, Feldmann H3,7, Safronetz D7,8, Groschup MH2.
Author information
1
International Center for Excellence in Research, Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
2
Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Isle of Riems-Greifswald, Germany.
3
Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana.
4
Central Veterinary Laboratory, Bamako, Mali.
5
Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
6
Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana.
7
Deptartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
8
Division of Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Abstract
AbstractCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a tick-borne disease caused by the arbovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus). CCHFV can cause a severe hemorrhagic fever with high-case fatality rates in humans. CCHFV has a wide geographic range and has been described in around 30 countries in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and Africa including Mali and neighboring countries. To date, little is known about the prevalence rates of CCHFV in Mali. Here, using banked bovine serum samples from across the country, we describe the results of a seroepidemiological study for CCHFV aimed at identifying regions of circulation in Mali. In total, 1,074 serum samples were tested by a modified in-house CCHFV-IgG-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with confirmatory testing by commercial ELISA and immunofluorescence assay. Overall, 66% of samples tested were positive for CCHFV-specific IgG antibodies. Regional seroprevalence rates ranged from 15% to 95% and seemed to correlate with cattle density. Our results demonstrate that CCHFV prevalence is high in many regions in Mali and suggest that CCHFV surveillance should be established.
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3.) Autochthonous Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Spain.
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N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):154-161. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615162.
Negredo A1, de la Calle-Prieto F1, Palencia-Herrejón E1, Mora-Rillo M1, Astray-Mochales J1, Sánchez-Seco MP1, Bermejo Lopez E1, Menárguez J1, Fernández-Cruz A1, Sánchez-Artola B1, Keough-Delgado E1, Ramírez de Arellano E1, Lasala F1, Milla J1, Fraile JL1, Ordobás Gavín M1, Martinez de la Gándara A1, López Perez L1, Diaz-Diaz D1, López-García MA1, Delgado-Jimenez P1, Martín-Quirós A1, Trigo E1, Figueira JC1, Manzanares J1, Rodriguez-Baena E1, Garcia-Comas L1, Rodríguez-Fraga O1, García-Arenzana N1, Fernández-Díaz MV1, Cornejo VM1, Emmerich P1, Schmidt-Chanasit J1, Arribas JR1; Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever@Madrid Working Group.
Collaborators (145)
Vázquez A, Hernández L, Herrero L, Molero F, Alami Tajri B, Alba Suarez AM, Aldeanueva Serrano ME, Alonso Domingo JJ, Aparicio Plaza E, Arabi Fernández O, Arsuaga Vicente M, Armijo Castillo MO, Avila Borja RM, Barrientos Martínez MI, Borrego Prieto P, Bretín Zornoza M, Cabildo Fajardo ML, Cachafeiro Fuciños L, Del Campo Ortún E, Campos Higueras JE, Casado Fernández L, Castaño Carmona AM, Castillo Portellano C, Cerón Serrano A, Cuesta Herrero Y, Del Carmen De Dompablo Ferrándiz M, Díaz Menendez M, Enriquez Calatrava V, Fernández Puntero B, Flores Cabeza EM, Galvez Charro M, García Hernandez R, García Expósito MA, Garcia Gonzalez C, García Sánchez M, Gómez Campos AM, Gómez Rodríguez E, Gómez Del Pulgar Carrillo E, González Herrero MA, González Herrezuelo I, González Navarro A, González Del Castillo AI, González Espinosa S, Gracia Pasamar JC, Granizo Lopez R, Gutierrez Plana C, Gutierrez Prieto M, Hermida Rodriguez J, Hernández Bernal M, Herrero Benito C, Herrero Alonso MT, Jara Orozco PA, Jiménez Castellano R, León Pérez M, López Lorente P, López Alvir C, López Díaz-Plaza Y, Lorenzo Velez C, Lucas Burgos V, Machón Rodríguez B, Mármol Martínez F, Marote Martín C, Martínez Corral C, Martínez Nieto SA, Martínez Quintana JI, Molins Bustamante C, Moreno Lozano E, Moreno Martinez C, Del Carmen Muñoz Gil M, Ortega Lucena C, Patrón Barambio PA, Perez Pacheco M, Del Rosario Rivero Gómez M, Rodriguez Diez R, San Juan Rodríguez A, Sanchez Arroyo V, Sanchez Villarejo M, Silva Montero AI, del Carmen Solera Martin De Nicolas M, Soriano Sánchez MA, Tapia García MR, Torres Hidalgo A, Robustillo Rodela A, Elola Vicente P, Arnalich F, Buño Soto A, García de Lorenzo A, Núñez C, Garcia-Pando CR, Martins Muñoz G, Velasquez-Alcala SG, Ángeles Sánchez-Castillo M, Rey-Cuevas E, Del Rosario Férnandez-Acevedo M, Borobia A, Aguirre Martín-Gil R, Alvarez-Castillo MC, Aragón-Peña A, de Burgos-Lunar C, Córdoba-Deorador E, Diezma-Criado JC, Domínguez-Berjón F, Esteban-Niveiro MJ, Bernardo-Ferrer Simó J, Fuentes-Rodriguez CY, Fuster F, Garcia-Mañosa I, Gil-Montalbán E, Ibáñez-Martí C, Insua Marisquerena E, Lasheras-Carbajo MD, Latasa-Zamalloa P, Angeles Lópaz-Perez M, Marino E, Martin-Martínez F, Martinez-Vidal M, de Miguel-Moro JI, Nieto-Juliá A, Noguerales-De la Obra R, Ortiz-Marrón H, Palomino-Lopez MT, Sanchez-Diaz J, Sánchez-Gómez A, Torrijano-Castillo MJ, Wijers I, Sierra-Matamoros MJ, Simón-Soria F, García Bordas J, Muñoz García P, Fernández RA, Goyanes MJ, Gijón Vidaurreta P, Martín-Rabadán P, Sánchez Carrillo C, Bouza E, Barrios JC, Guerrero JE, Bibiano C, Medina Iglesias P, Pacheco Puig R, Aguilar Huertas JL, Sanz de Miguel E, de Sansegundo Reyes M, Camacho Muñoz I, Cava F.
Author information
1
From the Arbovirus and Imported Viral Diseases Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (A.N., M.P.S.-S., E.R.A., F.L.), Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (A.N., M.P.S.-S., E.R.A., F.L.), High Level Isolation Unit (F.C.-P., M.M.-R., A.M.-Q., E.T., J.C.F., J. Manzanares, O.R.-F., V.M.C., J.R.A.) and Departments of Preventive Medicine (N.G.-A.) and Occupational Health (M.V.F.-D.), La Paz University Hospital, Intensive Care Unit (E.P.-H., A.M.G., L.L.P., D.D.-D., M.A.L.-G.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (B.S.-A.), Emergency (J.L.F.), and Occupational Health (P.D.-J.), Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Epidemiology Area of the Autonomous Community of Madrid (J.A.-M., M.O.G., E.R.-B., L.G.-C.), Intensive Care Unit (E.B.L., E.K.-D.) and Departments of Pathology (J. Menárguez, J. Milla) and Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (A.F.-C.), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Complutense University (J. Menárguez, J. Milla, A.F.-C.) - all in Madrid; and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (P.E., J.S.-C.).
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widely distributed, viral, tickborne disease. In Europe, cases have been reported only in the southeastern part of the continent. We report two autochthonous cases in Spain. The index patient acquired the disease through a tick bite in the province of Ávila - 300 km away from the province of Cáceres, where viral RNA from ticks was amplified in 2010. The second patient was a nurse who became infected while caring for the index patient. Both were infected with the African 3 lineage of this virus. (Funded by Red de Investigación Cooperativa en Enfermedades Tropicales [RICET] and Efficient Response to Highly Dangerous and Emerging Pathogens at EU [European Union] Level [EMERGE].).
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4.) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions.
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Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 May 26;7:213. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00213. eCollection 2017.
Papa A1, Tsergouli K1, Tsioka K1, Mirazimi A2,3,4.
Author information
1
Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece.
2
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden.
3
National Veterinary InstituteUppsala, Sweden.
4
Public Health Agency of SwedenStockholm, Sweden.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is transmitted to humans by bite of infected ticks or by direct contact with blood or tissues of viremic patients or animals. It causes to humans a severe disease with fatality up to 30%. The current knowledge about the vector-host-CCHFV interactions is very limited due to the high-level containment required for CCHFV studies. Among ticks, Hyalomma spp. are considered the most competent virus vectors. CCHFV evades the tick immune response, and following its replication in the lining of the tick's midgut, it is disseminated by the hemolymph in the salivary glands and reproductive organs. The introduction of salivary gland secretions into the host cells is the major route via which CCHFV enters the host. Following an initial amplification at the site of inoculation, the virus is spread to the target organs. Apoptosis is induced via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Genetic factors and immune status of the host may affect the release of cytokines which play a major role in disease progression and outcome. It is expected that the use of new technology of metabolomics, transcriptomics and proteomics will lead to improved understanding of CCHFV-host interactions and identify potential targets for blocking the CCHFV transmission.
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5.) The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies.
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Antiviral Res. 2017 Aug;144:93-119. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.010. Epub 2017 Jun 1.
Gargili A1, Estrada-Peña A2, Spengler JR3, Lukashev A4, Nuttall PA5, Bente DA6.
Author information
1
Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
2
Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
3
Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
4
Chumakov Institute for Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
5
Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK.
6
Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. Electronic address: dabente@utmb.edu.
Abstract
This manuscript is part of a series of reviews that aim to cover published research on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and its etiological agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV). The virus is maintained and transmitted in a vertical and horizontal transmission cycle involving a variety of wild and domestic vertebrate species that act as amplification hosts, without showing signs of illness. These vertebrates have traditionally been considered reservoirs of CCHFV, but in fact they develop only a transient viremia, while the virus can persist in ticks for their entire lifespan, and can also be transmitted vertically to the next generation. As a result, ticks are now considered to be both the vector and the reservoir for the virus. CCHFV has been detected in a wide range of tick species, but only a few have been proven to be vectors and reservoirs, mainly because most published studies have been performed under a broad variety of conditions, precluding definitive characterization. This article reviews the published literature, summarizes current knowledge of the role of ticks in CCHFV maintenance and transmission and provides guidance for how to fill the knowledge gaps. Special focus is given to existing data on tick species in which vertical passage has been demonstrated under natural or experimental conditions. At the same time, we identify earlier reports that used unreliable methods and perceptions to ascribe a vector role to some species of ticks, and have contributed to confusion regarding viral transmission. We also examine epidemiological pathways of CCHFV circulation and discuss priority areas for future research.
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6.) Country-wide seroprevalence studies on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus
infections in general population of Bulgaria.
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J Med Virol. 2017 Oct;89(10):1720-1725. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24868. Epub 2017 Jul 6.
Christova I1, Panayotova E1, Trifonova I1, Taseva E1, Hristova T1, Ivanova V1.
Author information
1
National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and hantavirus infections are the two viral hemorrhagic fevers spread in Europe. To test actual circulation of CCHF virus (CCHFV) and hantaviruses in Bulgaria, we conducted country-wide seroepidemiological studies. Serum samples were collected prospectively from 1500 residents of all 28 districts in Bulgaria. CCHFV seroprevalence of 3.7% was revealed. Anamnesis for tick bites, contact with livestock, age over 40 years and residency in Haskovo district were found as risk factors. The highest CCHFV seroprevalence was observed in the known endemic districts in southeastern Bulgaria: Haskovo (28%) and Yambol (12%). Reactive samples were found in residents of 20 of the 28 districts in Bulgaria. In comparison with the previous studies, the data presented indicate that CCHFV increased substantially its circulation in the endemic regions and was introduced in many new areas. Hantavirus seroprevalence was based on results of the immunoblot and estimated as 3.1%. Surprisingly, contrary to all available data, Puumala virus seroprevalence rate was 2.3% versus 0.8% of Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Evidence for hantavirus IgG seropositivity was found in residents of 23 of the 28 districts in the country. The first hantavirus seroprevalence study in Bulgaria showed that Puumala virus is probably more wide-spread in the country than Dobrava-Belgrade virus.
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7.) Combination of RT-PCR and proteomics for the identification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks.
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Heliyon. 2017 Jul 12;3(7):e00353. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00353. eCollection 2017 Jul.
Fernández de Mera IG1, Chaligiannis I2, Hernández-Jarguín A1, Villar M1, Mateos-Hernández L1, Papa A2, Sotiraki S3, Ruiz-Fons F1, Cabezas-Cruz A4,5, Gortázar C1, de la Fuente J1,6.
Author information
1
SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
2
Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
3
Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, NAGREF Campus, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
4
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
5
Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
6
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by the CCHF virus (CCHFV). In this study, an experimental approach combining RT-PCR and proteomics was used for the identification and characterization of CCHFV in 106 ticks from 7 species that were collected from small ruminants in Greece. The methodological approach included an initial screening for CCHFV by RT-PCR followed by proteomics analysis of positive and control negative tick samples. This novel approach allowed the identification of CCHFV-positive ticks and provided additional information to corroborate the RT-PCR findings using a different approach. Two ticks, Dermacentor marginatus and Haemaphysalis parva collected from a goat and a sheep, respectively were positive for CCHFV. The sequences for CCHFV RNA segments S and L were characterized by RT-PCR and proteomics analysis of tick samples, respectively. These results showed the possibility of combining analyses at the RNA and protein levels using RT-PCR and proteomics for the characterization of CCHFV in ticks. The results supported that the CCHFV identified in ticks are genetic variants of the AP92 strain. Although the AP92-like strains probably do not represent a high risk of CCHF to the population, the circulation of genetically diverse CCHFV strains could potentially result in the appearance of novel viral genotypes with increased pathogenicity and fitness.
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8.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from humans, livestock, and picnic sites in the hyperendemic region of Turkey.
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Gunes T1, Poyraz O, Vatansever Z.
Author information
1
Vocational School of Health Services, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. turabigunes@hotmail.com
Abstract
During June and July 2007, about 3125 adult ticks were collected from humans, animals, and vegetation in a hyperendemic region (Sivas and Tokat) of Turkey. A total of 2193 ticks were pooled in 225 pools and screened for the Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) presence by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infection rates were calculated as the maximum likelihood estimation with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The dominant tick species was found to be Hyalomma marginatum with the following infestation rates in human, cattle and sheep, respectively: 47.43%, 66.07%, and 30.12%. Maximum likelihood estimation values of CCHFV in H. marginatum ticks collected from human, cattle, and sheep were 0.91% (CI 0.05-4.42), 2.10% (CI 1.12-3.64), and 3.11% (CI 1.18-6.87), respectively. CCHFV antigens were also demonstrated in Hyalomma excavatum, Haemaphysalis parva, and Boophilus annulatus ticks collected from cattle and Rhipicephalus bursa ticks from sheep. Our results suggest that the studied area might maintain its endemic properties in the near future unless effective tick control measures are implemented.
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9.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from migratory birds, Morocco.
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Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Feb;19(2):260-3. doi: 10.3201/eid1902.121193.
Palomar AM1, Portillo A, Santibáñez P, Mazuelas D, Arizaga J, Crespo A, Gutiérrez Ó, Cuadrado JF, Oteo JA.
Author information
1
Hospital San Pedro–CIBIR, Center of Rickettsioses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Logroño, Spain.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus was detected in ticks removed from migratory birds in Morocco. This finding demonstrates the circulation of this virus in northwestern Africa and supports the hypothesis that the virus can be introduced into Europe by infected ticks transported from Africa by migratory birds.
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10.) [Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever].
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Mikrobiyol Bul. 2006 Jul;40(3):279-87.
[Article in Turkish]
Güneş T1.
Author information
1
Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Sağlik Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Sivas.
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus is a tick-borne virus, which is a member of Bunyaviridae family, Nairovirus genus. CCHF virus has been isolated from 31 different tick species so far, and genus Hyalomma includes the basic vectors of which H. anatolicum, H. marginatum, H. detritum, H. dromedarii, H. excavatum and H. turanicum are frequently found in the geography in which Turkey takes place. The virus is transmitted via the bite of infected ticks or direct contact with CCHF infected patients and the products of infected animals. Following 2-9 days incubation period, the disease abruptly starts with fever, feeling cold, shivering, headache, muscle and joint aches. After a few days hemorrhage develops at various parts of the body. Since an effective vaccine and a specific antiviral therapy have not been found yet, the high mortality rate which may reach to 10-60%, and a wide geography affecting approximately 40 countries including Turkey, CCHF attracts the attention of both scientific and mediatic world, in recent years. In this article, the structure, vectors and reservoirs of CCHF virus, together with the epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and strategies of treatment and prevention, have been reviewed.
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11.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in various ixodid tick species from a highly endemic area.
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Vet Parasitol. 2012 May 25;186(3-4):546-52. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.010. Epub 2011 Nov 7.
Tekin S1, Bursali A, Mutluay N, Keskin A, Dundar E.
Author information
1
Department of Biology, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Science & Art, 60250 Tokat, Turkey. sabant@yahoo.com
Abstract
Ticks are major vectors of numerous diseases affecting animals and humans. Presence of various tick-borne pathogens such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in various tick species was documented. CCHF is a severe tick-borne illness caused by the CCHFV which is a member of the Nairovirus genus (family: Bunyaviridae). Presence of CCHFV was shown in the most prevalent ixodid tick species such as Hyalomma marginatum and Rhiphicephalus bursa in Turkey. In the present study, prevalence and species diversity of ixodid ticks carrying CCHFV in Tokat province where CCHF is highly endemic were determined by using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). As a result, 15 out 745 ticks from various hosts (2%) were found to be CCHFV positive. The CCHFV positive ticks were Haemaphysalis concinna, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma turanicum, Rhipicephalus bursa, and Rhiphicephalus turanicus indicating that multiple ixodid tick species may contribute to transmission of CCHFV to humans and animals in Turkey.
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12.) Species distribution and detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in field-collected ticks in Ankara Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey.
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Exp Appl Acarol. 2012 Jan;56(1):75-84. doi: 10.1007/s10493-011-9492-y. Epub 2011 Sep 11.
Hekimoglu O1, Ozer N, Ergunay K, Ozkul A.
Author information
1
Ecology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
Ticks may act as vectors for a number of infectious diseases including Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). The causative agent is Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), a member of Bunyaviridae, causing extensive ecchymosis, visceral bleeding and hepatic dysfunction with a high fatality rate in the affected individuals. CCHF was initially recognized in Turkey in 2002 and the current number of reported cases exceeds 4,400. This study was conducted to confirm the presence of tick species established as potential CCHFV vectors and investigate CCHFV activity in ticks at Ankara province, Turkey's second most-densely populated province, where CCHF cases were demonstrated. A total of 1,196 adult ticks, collected from various animals and vegetation in 12 sites located in 5 counties of Ankara during April-July 2010 were identified to species level. Twenty-two tick pools from county K2 were also evaluated for the presence of CCHFV RNA via a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay and reactive results were further confirmed by an in house nested RT-PCR assay. Nine tick species were identified: Rhipicephalus bursa (44.9%), R. sanguineus (18.9%), R. turanicus (18.1%), Haemaphysalis parva (8.3%), Hyalomma marginatum marginatum (5.4%), H. aegyptium (1.4%), H. anatolicum excavatum (1.3%), Hae. punctata (0.3%) and Dermacentor marginatus (0.2%). A total of five tick pools (22.7%) were reactive in real-time and nested RT-PCR assays. The pools included R. bursa, H. m. marginatum and Hae. parva ticks, collected from mammal hosts from two villages in one county. This is the first documentation of CCHFV activity in ticks from Ankara province, which indicates requirement for detailed surveillance to predict high risk zones in the region.
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13.) Species diversity of ixodid ticks feeding on humans in Amasya, Turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
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J Med Entomol. 2011 Jan;48(1):85-93.
Bursali A1, Tekin S, Keskin A, Ekici M, Dundar E.
Author information
1
Department of Biology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Science & Art, 60250, Tokat, Turkey.
Abstract
Ticks (Acari:Ixodidae) are important pests transmitting tick-borne diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) to humans. Between 2002 and 2009, numerous CCHF cases were reported in Turkey, including Amasya province. In the current study, species diversity, seasonal abundance of ticks, and presence of CCHF virus (CCHFV) in ticks infesting humans in several districts of Amasya province were determined. In the survey, a total of 2,528 ixodid ticks were collected from humans with tick bite from April to November 2008 and identified to species. Hyalomma marginatum (18.6%), Rhipicephalus bursa (10.3%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (5.7%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (2.2%), Dermacentor marginatus (2.5%), Haemaphysalis parva (3.6%), and Ixodes ricinus (1.6%) were the most prevalent species among 26 ixodid tick species infesting humans in Amasya province. Hyalomma franchinii Tonelli & Rondelli, 1932, was a new record for the tick fauna of Turkey. The most abundant species were the members of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus through summer and declined in fall, whereas relative abundances of Ixodes and Dermacentor ticks were always low on humans in the province. Of 25 Hyalomma tick pools tested, seven pools were CCHFV positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results indicated diversity of ixodid tick species infesting humans was very high, abundance of ticks changed by season, and ticks infesting humans had potential for transmitting CCHFV.
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14.) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-tick survey in endemic areas in Bulgaria.
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J Med Virol. 2012 Apr;84(4):608-14. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23214.
Gergova I1, Kunchev M, Kamarinchev B.
Author information
1
Department of Military Epidemiology and Hygiene, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abstract
The Balkan Peninsula and Bulgaria in particular, is a well-known endemic region for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). This study describes the prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) among tick populations from areas, previously recognized with emerging cases of CCHF disease in humans. These include regions from the Southeastern (regions of Kardzhali and Haskovo) and Central (region of Stara Zagora) parts of the country. For the period 2006-2010 a total of 911 adult ticks, collected from livestock in endemic areas were studied for presence of CCHFV by an immunofluorescence-hemocytes assay (IFHA) and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The detection rate of CCHFV in the tick population was 2.09%. The prevalence of the virus was determined between 2.01% and 4.83% in the regions of Kardzhali and Haskovo, respectively (Southeastern Bulgaria). In the Central part of the country CCHFV infestation of the ticks was observed in 1.46% (region of Stara Zagora). The results confirmed the mosaic dispersion of CCHFV in the investigated regions. The principal infection vector in the surveyed areas was confirmed to be Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes ricinus were also detected and may play a role in the transmission of CCHFV. Species distribution of CCHFV-positive ticks was as follows: H. m. marginatum-4.93%; R. sanguineus-2.33%; I. ricinus-1.02%. The combination of IFHA and RT-PCR that are used in this study are useful tools in the algorithm for monitoring endemic areas in Bulgaria.
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15.) Crimean--Congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province, Iran.
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Yaser SA1, Sadegh C, Zakkyeh T, Hassan V, Maryam M, Ali OM, Mojtaba GS.
Author information
1
Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the rate of Crimean--Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection in hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province of Iran.
METHODS:
A molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) was conducted in Yazd province during 2008-2009. A total of 140 hard ticks (three genera and 7 species) were collected from randomly selected villages and were exanimate for presence of CCHFV reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.
RESULTS:
CCHFV genome was found in 5.71% of hard ticks. All positive ticks were from Hyalomma genus. Positive ticks including: Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma asiaticum. We were not able to find virus in in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor marginatus. Results exhibited that Hyalomma is the main vector in the study area.
CONCLUSIONS:
Due to the presence of virus in 24 provinces' out of 31, we recommend the use of acaricides and repellent to prevent disease transmission among humans. Greta care should be taken by the people who are working in slaughter houses.
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16.) Towards an understanding of the migration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
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Mild M1, Simon M, Albert J, Mirazimi A.
Author information
1
Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Nobels vag 16, 17182 Stockholm, Sweden. mattias.mild@smi.se
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a lethal disease caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). It is one of the most widespread medically significant tick-borne pathogens, with a distribution that coincides well with the geographical occurrence of its tick vector, Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Sporadic outbreaks of CCHF have previously been recognized in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe but, in the 21st century, outbreaks have become more frequent in former Yugoslavia, Turkey and Iran. It has been suggested that CCHFV is a migrating pathogen, but it is not clear to what extent. We have, for the first time, analysed the worldwide migration pattern of CCHFV. Our results showed that Turkey may be a donor in Europe, towards both the east and the west, while the United Arab Emirates acted as a donor in the Middle East, and China was found to be the origin for genotype 2. Finally, we showed that migration of CCHFV was unrestricted between Iran and Pakistan. Considering the distribution and coincidence of the tick vector with CCHFV and CCHF, and the fact that the tick vector is present in western Europe, future outbreaks may extend to include hitherto-naïve areas, suggesting that increased surveillance and geographical mapping of this lethal pathogen are needed.
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